TSTA602 - Quantitative Methods For Accounting And Finance Answer

Introduction: TSTA602– Quantitative Methods For Accounting And Finance

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The data set analysis segmentation for Nobel laureates, going to be segmented into three parts. Its part has been going to justify the data linking proportion aspects with the available Nobel laureates ' data. This report is going to involve the graphical representation of variables and also consider the statistical implication for justifying the link between Nobel laureates' dates.

Part 1:

Question 1:

The percentage of Nobel laureates in female categories is 98% among all the categories and has 943 prizes. These prizes have been categorized based on 962 total Nobel laureates.

Female	Percentages
943	98%
Male	Percentages
961	100%

Figure 1: Pie chart of male and female

The pie chart explains the percentages of the male and female Nobel laureates. In this aspect, out of 962 prize allocations, 99.90% are being won by the male and 98% are won by the female (Woods et al. 2019). Hence, the prize distribution is being mostly acquired within near about 50% of the total male and female participants.

Question 2:

There are 962 prizes for 6 categories, prize allocation for each category has been described in the below section.

Chemistry	186
Economics	86
Literature	117
Medicine	222
Peace	135
Physics	216
Grand Total	962

Table 1: Price Category

Figure 2: Categorical price distribution

The overall discussion regarding prizing for each category has been mentioned as physic has 216, peace has 135, medicine has 222, Literature has 117, Economics has 86, and lastly, Chemistry has 186 (Mueller and Hancock, 2019). Among them, physics is allocated by the higher number of the Nobel prize acquisition and economics has the lowest prize acquisition acquired by the people.

Count of prize	Column Labels
Row Labels	Female	Male	NA	Grand Total
Chemistry	7	179	186
Economics	2	84	86
Literature	16	101	117
Medicine	12	210	222
Peace	17	90	28	135
Physics	4	212	216
Grand Total	58	876	28	962

Table 2: Splitting

Figure 3: Split among male and female

Part 2:

Question 1:

Figure 4: Prize allocation

The price allocation can be used by following the birth country current rather than the birth country. As this has helped to categorize the prize allocation data effectively and it has been also going to show the recent prize allocation.

Australia	10
Austria	15
Belgium	9
Canada	20
China	11
Denmark	11
France	54
Germany	65
Italy	17
Japan	27
NA	28
Netherlands	18
Norway	12
Russia	17
Scotland	9
South Africa	9
Sweden	29
Switzerland	19
United Kingdom	91
United States of America	281
Grand Total	752

Table 3: Price allocation

Row Labels	Count of prize
Australia	10
Chemistry	1
Medicine	7
Physics	2
Austria	15
Chemistry	3
Economics	1
Literature	2
Medicine	5
Peace	1
Physics	3
Belgium	9
Chemistry	1
Literature	1
Medicine	3
Peace	3
Physics	1
Canada	20
Chemistry	4
Economics	3
Literature	2
Medicine	4
Peace	1
Physics	6
China	11
Chemistry	1
Literature	2
Medicine	2
Peace	1
Physics	5
Denmark	11
Chemistry	1
Literature	4
Medicine	3
Peace	1
Physics	2
France	54
Chemistry	10
Economics	4
Literature	11
Medicine	12
Peace	9
Physics	8
Germany	65
Chemistry	21
Economics	1
Literature	4
Medicine	16
Peace	5
Physics	18
Italy	17
Chemistry	1
Economics	1
Literature	5
Medicine	5
Physics	5
Japan	27
Chemistry	7
Literature	3
Medicine	5
Peace	1
Physics	11
NA	28
Peace	28
Netherlands	18
Chemistry	4
Economics	2
Medicine	2
Peace	1
Physics	9
Norway	12
Chemistry	2
Economics	3
Literature	2
Medicine	2
Peace	2
Physics	1
Russia	17
Chemistry	3
Economics	2
Literature	4
Medicine	1
Peace	1
Physics	6
Scotland	9
Chemistry	2
Economics	1
Medicine	3
Peace	2
Physics	1
South Africa	9
Chemistry	1
Literature	2
Medicine	3
Peace	3
Sweden	29
Chemistry	4
Economics	2
Literature	7
Medicine	7
Peace	5
Physics	4
Switzerland	19
Chemistry	3
Literature	1
Medicine	6
Peace	3
Physics	6
United Kingdom	91
Chemistry	25
Economics	7
Literature	6
Medicine	25
Peace	5
Physics	23
United States of America	281
Chemistry	55
Economics	49
Literature	10
Medicine	78
Peace	19
Physics	70

Table 4: Cross classification

Figure 5: Relationship between country and category

In the peace category Germany and UK's same prize allocation valuation but, the UK has a higher valuation in winning more prizes than Germany. In the literature and Peace categories, France has a higher prize allocation than Germany. In every 6 categories, Germany and Japan are lower than the US, as their winning capability is better in aspects of any other country.

Row Labels	Count of prize
France	54
Chemistry	10
Economics	4
Literature	11
Medicine	12
Peace	9
Physics	8
Germany	65
Chemistry	21
Economics	1
Literature	4
Medicine	16
Peace	5
Physics	18
NA	28
Peace	28
Sweden	29
Chemistry	4
Economics	2
Literature	7
Medicine	7
Peace	5
Physics	4
United Kingdom	91
Chemistry	25
Economics	7
Literature	6
Medicine	25
Peace	5
Physics	23
United States of America	281
Chemistry	55
Economics	49
Literature	10
Medicine	78
Peace	19
Physics	70
Grand Total	548

Table 5: Categorical classification

Question 2:

As per the details of the prize categorized situation, it has been addressed that the youngest person mentioned Malala Yousafzai having born the year of 1997. The Nobel was acquired the “The Nobel peace prize, 2014”. On the other hand, Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen is the oldest prize winner, of The Nobel Prize in Literature published in 1902. The average age of an award winner is mentioned as more than 30 to 40 years.

Year	Category	Name	Prize
1997	Youngest	Malala Yousafzai	The Nobel Peace Prize 2014
1817	Oldest	Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen	The Nobel Prize in Literature 1902

Table 6: Classification

Part 3:

Question 1:

The winning age of each category are being mentioned as 40 years. However, the descriptive statistics discussion regarding winning age in different categories is being explained. Such as,

Summary statistics
Mean	8.24138
Standard Error	0.28653
Median	7.5
Mode	6
Standard Deviation	3.08607
Sample Variance	9.52384
Kurtosis	-0.97029
Skewness	0.12863
Range	14
Minimum	1
Maximum	15
Sum	956
Count	116
Confidence Level(95.0%)	0.56757

Table 7: Descriptive statistics

The mean determination of winning prizes in different categories has been mentioned as 8.24 as the mean, with a standard error of 0.28. On the other hand, it has a median of 7.5 and mode of mode of 6. However, the standard deviation is mentioned as 3.08 and has a sample variance of 9.52. This proportion has been mentioned that the winning prize are being significant at the level of 95% with a confidence level of 0.56 (Athey et al. 2021). On the other hand, it has been noticed that there is a range of 14 at having 15 maximum values with one minimum value proportion of the entire dataset.

Figure 6: Box and Whisker plot

It has been referred to that there are slight differences acquired in the median valuation and among mean valuation. The median of this considerable data set is 135, which has been followed by 133 as the mean percentile.

Question 2:

The average age for physics is lower than the average age for chemistry, which describes that there will be going differences in the count of Nobel prizes between chemistry and physics.

Summary statistics
Mean	155.2
Standard Error	27.21653909
Median	135
Mode	0
Standard Deviation	60.85803152
Sample Variance	3703.7
Kurtosis	-2.641503562
Skewness	0.235644302
Range	136
Minimum	86
Maximum	222
Sum	776
Count	5
Confidence Level(95.0%)	75.56522673

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
186	186
Mean	155.2	155.2
Variance	3703.7	3703.7
Observations	5	5
Pooled Variance	3703.7
Hypothesized Mean Difference	0.05
df	8
t Stat	-0.0013
P(T<=t) one-tail	0.499498
t Critical one-tail	1.859548
P(T<=t) two-tail	0.998995
t Critical two-tail	2.306004

Table 8: Hypothesis equal variances

The description regarding the sample of the equal variances data set describes that it should have the same mean proportion of 155.02, along with having the pooled variances of 3703.70. It has been noted that there are mean differences of 0.05, and have t stat -0.0013. The sample assumption has been referred to that there is one tail t critical justification for this equal variances are 1.85 and have t critical two-tailed equal variances of 2.30 (Arridge et al. 2019). The result has been confirming the equal variances in hypothetical situations for age and category of winning Nobel prizes.

Question 3:

Figure 7: Trend evaluation

The trend among categories and years is mentioned as, people having the birth year of 1930 won the Nobel Prize in 2013, for chemistry. On the other hand, in aspects of physics won the Nobel in 2000 having the same year of birth that is 1930 (Xu et al. 2019). Additionally, chemistry and literature have the same year f winning the Nobel award which is 2005.

General conclusion

This database analysis proportion has covered the categorical significance among the Nobel prize-winning aspect considering the of the winner, category country, and other related variables. This entire analysis aspect has created the link among those multiple variables related to the Nobel Laureate.

References:

• Arridge, S., Maass, P., Öktem, O. and Schönlieb, C.B., 2019. Solving inverse problems using data-driven models. Acta Numerica, 28, pp.1-174.
• Athey, S., Bayati, M., Doudchenko, N., Imbens, G. and Khosravi, K., 2021. Matrix completion methods for causal panel data models. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 116(536), pp.1716-1730.
• Mueller, R.O. and Hancock, G.R., 2019. Structural equation modeling. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
• Woods, S.A., Wille, B., Wu, C.H., Lievens, F. and De Fruyt, F., 2019. The influence of work on personality trait development: The demands-affordances TrAnsactional (DATA) model, an integrative review, and research agenda. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, pp.258-271.
• Xu, L., Skoularidou, M., Cuesta-Infante, A. and Veeramachaneni, K., 2019. Modeling tabular data using conditional gan. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 32.