Superstructure Construction Of A Commercial Retail Development Assignment Sample

Introduction: Superstructure Construction Of A Commercial Retail Development

In this project, the main thing that was done was to make a proposal for the development of a retail building. The different aspects of the design of the building are present here. This report was prepared from the point of view of an “architectural engineer”. The client of this project is SABE Group. The project is present in the area “New South Wales”. This project was sanctioned by the local government of that area. The main intention of this project is to transform the urban area. Moreover, it can be seen that this is a retail development project. So, the completion of this project will result in making a business hub in this place. Thus more job opportunities will be created. The retail development is expected to meet the future needs of the Newcastle city. In this project, several aspects of the retail development were identified. The first thing that was done here was to analyze the conditions of the site. Moreover, the details of how the project is planned to be sustainable are also present in this report. In addition to this, the details of the drawings showing the different details of the building are also present here.

Site Analysis

Site Conditions

In this project it is proposed to make a retail center. The location of this center is Newcastle, Australia. The area is not covered with vegetation. The approximate area of the site is 8000 sqm. The perimeter of the site is 350m.

Surrounding Environment

Figure 1: Site Surrounding

(Source: Google Map)

East to the site

In the east of the site there is Hunter River present

West to the site

In the west of this site there is a grassland site.

North to the site

In the north of this site there is Wickham beach.

South of the site

In the south of this site, there is the Honeysuckle Bridge.

Noise Insulation

It can be seen that the site is present near the bay area. So there is a possibility of sound of sea impacting the activities inside the building. For this reason, enough sound insulating measures are needed to be taken here.

Material Durability

The area is close to the sea area. So, there is enough possibility of materials of the building getting affected by the sea water. Hence, the durability of the materials are likely to be impacted.

Concrete cover

The concrete cover that should be considered in the project in accordance to the exposure condition is as follows.

Exposure Condition	Nominal cover (mm)	Concrete Grade
Mild	20	M20
Moderate	30	M25
Severe	45	M30
Very Severe	50	M35
Extreme	75	M40

In this project, the cover will be taken as 50 mm.

Superstructure Scope of work

The SABE Group has given a project here. This report was delivered from the point of view of the architect of the project. In this project, a retail development is needed to be built (Liu et al. 2019). The approximate dimensions of the center are length 70m and width 30m.

Sustainability & Buildability Analysis

Structural Framework

It is to be noted that there are different forms of structural systems that can be used in the development of a retail complex. Among these methods, there are two methods were chosen in this project as per the conditions of the site and the nature of the project (Kenkel et al. 2021). These are called the best options for the structural framework of the proposed development. These are as follows.

• Use of structural steel
• Use of RCC pre-cast concrete

Framework with Structural Steel

It can be seen that structural steel is one of the most popular materials that are used in the construction industry. It is mainly popular because of its strength, durability, and capability to provide lightweight structures (Fedotov et al. 2023). This can be considered as the best replacement for the concrete framework. With the help of this, the designers have the ease to increase the dimension of the structures as small sections made with steel can also bear huge loads. In addition to this, the joints are easy to make in this type of structure. The main mechanism that is used here to transfer loads is the mechanism of transfer of forces through members (He et al. 2021). These are delivered at the site as separate components and then at the site, these are assembled together by suitable joints.

Figure 2: Framework with Structural Steel

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The standards that the steel used in this project should follow are as follows.

AS: 2309-2008 - This provides the details of the coating of zinc on steel after galvanization in order to provide protection from atmospheric forces.

AS: 4100-1998 - This provides the details of the different forms of steel structures that are used in this industry.

AS: 1170-2002 (Part 1) - This provides the details of the general principles of the design of steel structures.

AS: 1170-2002 (Part 2) - Here, the details of the load actions of the steel structure are given.

AS: 3679-1990 - The details of “hot-rolled” steel sections are present here.

ISO: 12844 - the details of the protection against corrosion in the area of coastal zones is present here.

The “advantages & disadvantages” of this system are as follows.

Structural Steel
Advantages	Disadvantages
Fast construction: In this structure time for setting, gaining strength & curing like concrete is not needed. Hence, it becomes easy to construct the structure fast.	Rusting: These structures are prone to corrosion. Because of this, it is needed to provide a protective coating on the structural members.
Large structures: It is to be noted that these structures offer less dead load with similar dimensions as compared to concrete structures. Hence, it is possible to provide large structures.	Material handling: These members are needed to erect which requires different equipment. This makes the process difficult.
Outside fabrication: Another major advantage of this is that these structures can be fabricated outside the site and can directly be erected on the site.	Fire resistance: This structure becomes critical in the case of fire hazards. This is because there can be seen significant amount of buckling after a certain temperature.
Flexibility in design: This system is not limited to making particular shapes & sizes of structures. Structures with different shapes can be made here.	Complex joints: Proving the connections of the members is very much difficult.

Table 1: Advantages & Disadvantages of Structural Steel Framework

(Source: Self-created)

Framework with Pre-cast Concrete

Figure 3: Framework with Pre-cast Concrete

(Source: https://precast.org)

The wide use of this kind of framework can be seen all around the world. It is to be noted that concrete is a versatile material for the construction industry. In this project for making the retail development, this framework can be used (Hou et al. 2019). There are some specific characteristics of pre-cast concrete. These are prepared in some other places in the desired shapes. After making these are transported to the site. The main principle of making this is to provide initial compression to the member so that it can resist more tension when used. This should follow the specifications of AS: 3850. The “advantages & disadvantages” of this section are as follows.

Pre-cast Concrete
Advantages	Disadvantages
Construction speed: The sections of this structure are prepared outside the site. So, the construction process becomes fast.	Handling: The handling of large & heavy sections becomes difficult because of the high dead load of sections.
Design Flexibility: Sections with different shapes & dimensions can be made in this system.	Connections: The major disadvantage of this process is to make the connection of these members. This is a complex process and requires skilled workmanship.
Strength: This provides a strong member.	High Dead Load: The dead load of these structures is more than compared to the steel sections.
Fire Resistance: These members are able to bear fire to a great extent.

Table 2: Advantages & Disadvantages of Pre-cast Concrete Framework

(Source: Self-created)

Recommendation

Here, the analysis of both framework processes was analyzed. From the conclusion, it was obtained that both the types of the framework are able to provide a stable & strong structure. However, it can be seen that the site is present near the “Thosby Basin” (Hou et al. 2020). Because of this, there is a chance of having a saline environment. For this, it is recommended to use the pre-cast method of framing. These two methods have similar advantages and the pre-cast method is also resistant against saline environment.

Flooring System

It is the system of the building that generally bears the loads that are coming on the building. This is the element of the building on which every item of the building rests. There are different forms of floor systems are used all around the globe. Among these systems, there are two systems are there that are the most suitable for the flooring system of this retail development project (Marino et al. 2019). The main intention of the selection of the floor is to have a floor that is easy to construct, provides protection against fire, and is easy to design. The two types of floors that were considered in this project are as follows.

• Cobiax floor
• Hollow Floor beam

Cobiax Floor

Figure 4: Cobiax Floor

(Source: data:image/jpeg;base64)

In this type of floor system, the sustainability is considered the most important. The main constituent materials that are used here are “polyethylene”, and “plastic” that are integrated with steel reinforcement for making the floor. This is lighter in weight than the traditional concrete concrete floors (Backer, 2020). The “advantages & disadvantages” of this floor system are as follows.

Cobiax Floor
Advantage	Disadvantage
Less Dead Load: The Cobiax system involves huge voids in the substantial piece to lessen its weight, making it lighter than conventional built-up sections. This can bring about huge reserve funds for material expenses and primary prerequisites.	Construction Cost: The cast-in situ Cobiax floor system might be more costly contrasted with ordinary strong substantial sections. The extra expense is related to the buy and establishment of the Cobiax void formers.
Flexible Design: The utilization of voids in the Cobiax system considers longer traverses between supporting pillars or walls, empowering more prominent adaptability in the plan and design of the structure (Zimnukhova et al. 2019). This can prompt more open and extensive inside spaces without the requirement for extra help	Complex design: The establishment cycle of the Cobiax void formers can be perplexing and tedious. It requires cautious preparation and coordination to guarantee appropriate position and arrangement of the void formers inside the substantial piece.
Fire Protection: The voids in the Cobiax system can be loaded up with protection material, giving improved thermal and acoustic properties to the floor. This can assist with lessening energy utilization and work on the solace and acoustic execution of the structure.	Less Adaptable: The utilization of Cobiax void formers might restrict the plan adaptability of the floor system. The void formers might confine the utilization of post-tensioning or other primary systems, which can restrict the engineering choices or underlying capacities of the structure.
Fast Construction: The Cobiax system is pre-assembled, and that implies it very well may be rapidly and effectively introduced nearby. This can bring about more limited development timetables and decreased work costs.	Strength Issue: There might be worries about the drawn-out sturdiness and administration life of the cast in situ Cobiax floor system (Lv et al. 2022). The void formers might crumble or corrupt over the long run, possibly compromising the underlying execution and trustworthiness of the floor system.
Cost Efficiency: The diminished weight and worked-on thermal properties of the Cobiax system can bring about tremendous expense investment funds regarding material, work, and energy utilization over the lifetime of the structure.	Support Requirement: The cast in situ Cobiax floor system might require more upkeep contrasted with regular strong substantial sections (Li et al. 2020). The void formers might be inclined to harm during development or after some time, requiring normal examinations and fixes.

Table 3: Advantages & Disadvantages of Cobiax Floor

(Source: Self-created)

Hollow Floor Beam

Figure 5: Hollow Floor Beam

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In this system, floors are made with concrete creating a hollow section. This is lighter in weight than the traditional concrete floors. Reinforcement is provided in between this. This is done to maintain the integrity of the floor (Kim et al. 2020). The “advantages & disadvantages” of this floor system are as follows.

Hollow Floor Beam
Advantage	Disadvantage
Fast Construction: Being pre-created off-site, the hollow floor beam system can be rapidly and productively introduced, saving development time and decreasing nearby work.	Less Adaptability: When the floor beams are introduced, creating changes or alterations to the format or plan of the structure can challenging. This absence of versatility might limit future remodels or reconfigurations.
Strength: Pre-cast hollow floor beam systems are many times more practical than customary cast set-up substantial floors. The utilization of precast components lessens the requirement for on-location formwork and speeds up development, bringing about cost investment funds.	More Cost: Pre-cast hollow floor beam systems can be more costly contrasted with customary cast set up substantial systems or elective flooring choices. The assembling and transportation of pre-cast parts, as well as the requirement for specific hardware for the establishment, could increment generally project costs.
Flexibility: Hollow floor beam systems offer a scope of customization choices. They can be intended to oblige different burden prerequisites, avoidance limits, and engineering determinations. Also, they can be underlying different lengths, profundities, and shapes to fit different structure needs.	Difficulty in operation: Precast hollow floor beam systems frequently require cautious preparation and coordination for the addition of electrical, plumbing, and air conditioning administrations inside the hollow spaces (Ahn et al. 2020). This intricacy can prompt troubles in organizing and introducing the administrations, possibly bringing about expanded development time and expenses.
Lightweight: Hollow center floor beams have a hollow center segment, which lessens their weight while keeping up with their heap-bearing limit. This lightweight plan considers more straightforward dealing with, transportation, and establishment.	Less Durability: The hollow centers of the pre-cast beams might give a pathway to dampness or irritations to invade the construction. Appropriate fixing and waterproofing measures are fundamental to alleviate these dangers (Ibarra et al. 2020). Moreover, in the event that the floor beams are not as expected planned or kept up with, there is plausible of primary disappointment or diminished load-conveying limit.
Fire Resistance: Pre-cast hollow floor beams can be supported with heatproof materials to improve their imperviousness to fire rating. This works on the well-being of the structure and gives tenants additional opportunities to empty in the event of a fire.	Restricted Sections: Pre-cast hollow floor beams ordinarily have predetermined standard sizes and length lengths. On the off chance that more extended ranges are required, extra help might be important, for example, middle segments or beams, which can add intricacy and cost to the task.

Table 4: Advantages & Disadvantages of Hollow Floor Beam

(Source: Self-created)

Recommendation

In this report, the analysis of the two types of floor systems that were considered in this project were analyzed. From this, it can be seen that there are different characteristics of these two floor types. Although the Cobiax is more sustainable than the other. Also, this floor less cost is required because of the use of the waste materials. In addition to this, this system of floor requires less maintenance and provides good resistance against salinity. Considering all of these reasons, this type of flooring system was chosen for this development.

External Wall

It is to be noted that external walls are the external covering of a building. There are different forms of walls are used in the building depending on the building type, exposure condition and available materials. There are some common materials that are used for making this wall (Lu et al. 2021). These are “brick:”, “concrete”, and “timber”. On the basis of the project of the SABE Group, it was decided to take up two forms of external walls. These are as follows.

• Tilt-up Concrete Wall
• Pre-cast concrete “cladding system”

Tilt-up Concrete Wall

Figure 6: Tilt-up Concrete Wall

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In this form of design, the molds of the concrete are prepared at the site and are assembled together to make the wall. It is to be noted that the reinforcement is provided here the same as the traditional method. The “advantages & disadvantages” of this method are as follows.

Tilt-up Concrete Wall
Advantage	Disadvantage
Time & cost effective: Tilt-up concrete walls can be developed rapidly and effectively, assisting with setting aside both time and cash. The walls are projected nearby, killing the requirement for shipping precast boards, and they can be raised in a negligible portion of the time it takes to build customary block or block walls.	Plan Adaptability: Tilt-up concrete walls are restricted as far as plan choices contrasted with other development techniques like block or stone. They commonly have a uniform appearance and need many-sided subtleties or embellishing components.
Strength: Tilt-up concrete walls are very tough and durable. They have high protection from fire, influence, and enduring, making them ideal for regions inclined to cruel circumstances like storms.	High cost of construction: The most common way of making tilt-up concrete walls requires exceptional hardware, talented work, and a bigger starting speculation (Sun et al. 2019). This can be a disservice for more modest development projects with restricted financial plans.
Thermal Insulation: Concrete is an incredibly warm mass material, and that implies tilt-up walls can manage temperature vacillations really. This can assist with diminishing warming and cooling costs in structures, bringing about energy reserve funds.	Handling Issue: Tilt-up concrete boards are often huge and weighty, requiring specific truly difficult work gear to tilt them into place. This gear can be expensive to lease or buy, and on-location capacity may be fundamental until the walls can be lifted and introduced.
Flexibility: Tilt-up concrete walls offer an extensive variety of compositional plan prospects. They can be framed into different shapes, sizes, and surfaces, considering novel and stylishly satisfying designs (Yan et al. 2020). Also, the walls can be painted or enlivened to accomplish the ideal appearance.	Limited flexibility in planning: When the tilt-up boards are projected and relieved, it becomes testing to make configuration changes or adjustments. Any modifications expected during or after development can be costly and tedious.
Sound Insulation: Tilt-up concrete walls have magnificent soundproofing characteristics. They can really decrease clamor transmission between neighboring spaces, establishing a more agreeable and calmer climate.	Chances of failure: Tilt-up concrete walls can be inclined to break on the off chance that appropriate supporting or development joints are not introduced. These breaks can think twice about the primary trustworthiness and feel of the structure.

Table 5: Advantages & Disadvantages of Hollow Floor Beam

(Source: Self-created)

Pre-cast concrete “cladding system”

In this type of system the claddings are prepared outside the site. After this, these are transported to the site and placed at their proper place. It is to be noted that this system has to carry its own weight only (Guo et al. 2021). No other load from the superstructure is carried by it. The “advantages & disadvantages” of this method are as follows.

Pre-cast concrete “cladding system”
Advantage	Disadvantage
Fast Construction: Being pre-created off-site, the hollow floor beam system can be rapidly and productively introduced, saving development time and decreasing nearby work.	Restricted adaptability: When the floor beams are introduced, creating changes or alterations to the format or plan of the structure can challenge. This absence of versatility might limit future remodels or reconfigurations.
Flexibility: Hollow floor beam systems offer a scope of customization choices. They can be intended to oblige different burden prerequisites, avoidance limits, and engineering determinations. Also, they can be underlying different lengths, profundities, and shapes to fit different structure needs.	Greater expense: Pre-cast hollow floor beam systems can be more costly contrasted with customary cast set up substantial systems or elective flooring choices. The assembling and transportation of pre-cast parts, as well as the requirement for specific hardware for establishment, could increment generally project costs.
Lightweight: Hollow center floor beams have a hollow center segment, which lessens their weight while keeping up with their heap bearing limit. This lightweight plan considers more straightforward dealing with, transportation, and establishment.	Durability concerns: The hollow centers of the pre-cast beams might give a pathway to dampness or irritations to invade the construction. Appropriate fixing and waterproofing measures are fundamental to alleviate these dangers. Moreover, in the event that the floor beams are not as expected planned or kept up with, there is plausible of primary disappointment or diminished load-conveying limit.

Table 6: Advantages & Disadvantages of Pre-cast concrete “cladding system”

(Source: Self-created)

Recommendation

Both of these systems can be suitable for the project. It is to be noted that despite of having similar advantages the major difference between these processes is that the “Tilt-up concrete wall” can be used in large sections. Hence, a large area can be covered with it. So, it is recommended to choose a “Tilt-up concrete wall” for the retail development.

Fire Resistance

There are different parameters on which fire resistance is measured. These are “stability”, “integrity”, and “thermal insulation”. There are three types of buildings are there in terms of fire resistance. The first type is for “high-rise” buildings made of “concrete & steel”. The second type is buildings made of bricks. The third type of building is that is made of materials like wood. In this project the Type-1 building is considered. The structural fire resistance of this building is 60 minutes.

Other Superstructure Items

Lift

There will be a total 10 lifts will be there in this retail center. These all should follow the specifications of BCA: Part 3.

Stair

There will be 10 dog-legged stairs in the project. All of these should follow the requirements of AS: 1657-2013.

Roof

The roof will be a flat roof made of concrete.

Ceiling

There will be a suspended ceiling in the building with the provision of “lighting”, “insulation”, “HAVC ducts”, and “sprinkler system”.

Internal Walls

The internal walls of this building will be made of plasterboard of 10mm thickness.

Cost Comparison

The cost comparison was done on the basis of the following things.

Framework

• Structural steel
• Pre-case concrete

Flooring

• Cobiax Flooring
• Hollow Floor beam

External wall

• Tilt-up concrete
• Precast concrete cladding

Building data,

Length = 70m

Width = 30m

Height = 35m (10 storeys)

Each floor height = 3.5m

Floor area of each storey = 2100 sqm

Total covered area by all the floors = 21000 sqm

Cobiax floor thickness = 200mm

Pre-cast floor thickness = 250mm

External wall = 2100 sqm

Cost-comparison table

Cost Estimate 1
Item	Quantity	Unit	Rate	Amount
Structural steel	17.8t for each floor Total quantity = 178t	T	$2100/T	$373800
Hollow floor beam	3600	cubic m	$320/cubic m	$1152000
Concrete cladding	4600	sqm	$190/sqm	$87400
Total = $1613200

Table 7: Cost Estimate 1

(Source: Self-created)

Cost Estimate 2
Item	Quantity	Unit	Rate	Amount
Pre-cast concrete	Column- 16 on each level with a height of 3.5m. The section of the column is 0.6m x 0.6m. Total quantity = 20.16 Beam- 0.7m x 0.45m Length in each floor = 340m	cum	$320/cum	$407232
Cobiax Floor	2900	cum	$280/cum	$812000
Tilt-up Concrete	4600	sqm	$160/sqm	$736000
Total = $1955232

Table 8: Cost Estimate 2

(Source: Self-created)

Construction Sequencing

Figure 7: Site Plan

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 1
Description	Compliance
The dimension of the column is 0.6m x 0.6m x 3.5m. Number of columns required = 160 Precast columns are erected on the site after getting the delivery. Pre-cast panels are also installed in the same way and jointed together by suitable joints.	“AS: 1170-2007”- Actions in structural design “AS: 3600-2009”- Concrete structures Section C of NCC- Fire resistance AS: 4671-2001”- steel reinforcement

Figure 8: Column Framework

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 2
Description	Compliance
Beam size = 0.45m x 0.7m x 10m After erecting the columns the pre-cast beams are transported and erected to the site.	“AS: 1170-2007”- Actions in structural design “AS: 3600-2009”- Concrete structures Section C of NCC- Fire resistance

Figure 9: Beam Framework

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 3
Description	Compliance
After connecting the beans the cobiax slab work starts. This ends with the curing of the slab.	“AS: 1170-2007”- Actions in structural design “AS: 3600-2009”- Concrete structures Section C of NCC- Fire resistance AS: 4671-2001”- steel reinforcement

Figure 10: Flooring System

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 4
Description	Compliance
After the completion of the slab, the columns are erected for the next level.	“AS: 1170-2007”- Actions in structural design “AS: 3600-2009”- Concrete structures Section C of NCC- Fire resistance

Figure 11: Combination of Frame and Flooring

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 5
Description	Compliance
After completion of the column, beam, and slab of each of the floors, the tilt-up concrete walls are prepared. Doors & windows are prepared. These are placed in a suitable place with the use of cranes. In addition to this, “flashing”, “eves”, and “guttering” systems are installed.	“AS: 3600-2009”- concrete structures AS: 1562 - sheet roofing “AS: 4100-1998”- steel structures Section C of NCC

Figure 12: Tilt-Up Concrete Wall

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 6
Description	Compliance
After the completion of the tilt-up walls the components of the interior are installed. Cavities are made in walls. Then suspended ceiling is prepared.	“AS:1664”- Aluminium framing “AS: 3600-2009”- concrete structures “AS: 4859-2002”- Thermal insulation “AS: 2588”- Gypsum plasterboard “AS: 2785”- suspended ceiling Section C of NCC

Figure 13: Tilt-Up Concrete Wall Installation

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 7
Description	Compliance
Now, the “internal columns” are concealed. Internal walls are covered with plasterboard.	“AS:1664”- Aluminium framing “AS: 3600-2009”- concrete structures “AS: 4859-2002”- Thermal insulation “AS: 2588”- Gypsum plasterboard “AS: 2785”- suspended ceiling Section C of NCC

Figure 14: Sectional drawing of flooring & framework

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 8
Description	Compliance
All internal finished for starting later works.	“AS:1664”- Aluminium framing “AS: 3600-2009”- concrete structures “AS: 4859-2002”- Thermal insulation “AS: 2588”- Gypsum plasterboard “AS: 2785”- suspended ceiling Section C of NCC

Figure 15: Ground Floor plan

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 9
Description	Compliance
Plan is created for making arrangements for retail stores and other desired sections. Also, the design of the exit point is also made	“AS: 1735”- Lists & escalators “AS:4254-2012”- air-conditioning duct “AS: 4859-2002”- Thermal insulation “AS: 2588”- Gypsum plasterboard

Figure 16: First Floor plan

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 10
Description	Compliance
Plans for the 1st floor are done next. The different essential spaces is planned here	“AS: 1735”- Lists & escalators “AS:4254-2012”- air-conditioning duct “AS: 4859-2002”- Thermal insulation “AS: 2588”- Gypsum plasterboard

Figure 17: Floor plan for office use

(Source: Self-created)

Illustration 11
Description	Compliance
After this the floor that will be used as office is designed. All the essential spaces are designed here.	“AS: 1735”- Lists & escalators “AS:4254-2012”- air-conditioning duct “AS: 4859-2002”- Thermal insulation “AS: 2588”- Gypsum plasterboard

Cross-sectional Drawing

Figure 18: Wall panel to footing

(Source: Self-created)

The picture above provides the details of the gap present between the tilt-up wall and “suspended concrete’ slab.

Figure 19: Beam to column with corbel

(Source: Self-created)

The picture above provides the details of the gap present between concrete column and concrete beam.

Figure 20: Panel to panel corner

(Source: Self-created)

The picture above presents the details of the connection present in the 90 degree joint of the walls.

Figure 21: Cladding System

(Source: Self-created)

Conclusion

In this project, the different options for the development of the project were analyzed. This was done in terms of the potential results that these options can deliver. The different items of the building along with their construction method were analyzed. Moreover, the methods by which the construction process can be made more sustainable were also explained in this report. Also, the description of the site along with its surroundings was also explained here.

References

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