Laboratory Report on Statistical Analysis of Quality of Conversation Assignment Sample

Introduction

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Cognitive psychology is an evaluative feature of the thinking feature of human beings that impacts their actions and behavior. This laboratory report thereby, aims to analyze the survey that has been conducted to collect opinions of the two groups ly, silent reading pairs and conversation pairs. The survey includes people games from 18 to 60. The survey was conducted on 164 participants and their ratings on the quality of conversation and Tangram RT have been collected. Therefore, in this report, the analysis of the collected data is to be done with the help of statistical analysis. The descriptive analysis, t-test analysis, and correlation analysis facilitate the determination of the hypothesis that will be established in this section of the report.

Research Aim

The aim of this research is to analyze the data that has been collected through the survey. This research aims to present a statistical analysis of the data that has been collected through the survey regarding the opinions of people aged between 18 to 60 to assess the cognitive psychology of the participants of the survey.

Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are as follows:

• To analyze the descriptive of Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation.
• To identify the impact of age on Tangram RT.
• To determine the relationship between Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation.

Importance of this Research

Cognitive psychology is a feature of the psychological analysis of human beings that facilitates the assessment of the pattern of thinking of human beings and thereby, the actions and behaviors of the people could be understood from that point of view of the beliefs and concepts of the people. Thus, the significance of this research lies in the analysis and findings that could be achieved through the survey data.

Key Terms

Semantic Memory: This indicates general knowledge of worldly features that could be gained through experience of life and mainly depends on culture.

Inference Theory: This is a condition in the memory of human beings that implies the loss of long-term memories because they cannot be drawn into short-term memory. This is because either memory does not collide with each other.

Long-term Memory: This indicates the storage of memories that have happened long back in the past.

Decision-making: This in cognitive psychology indicates the selection of belief to conclude a situation to make an effective decision.

Serial-position Effect: It is a condition in which a person can remember the first and last items in a series exactly but the middle items could be recalled by the same person.

Theoretical Background and Evidence

According to Babakr, et al. (2019), Piaget's theory proposed one of the most theories regarding cognitive development in children. The theory of Piaget is acceptable without any critique for its great influence on the development of psychology. This paper focused on the ethical and bias issues of the theory because the theory was established on the studies conducted on Piaget's own children (Babakr, et al. 2019). Further, this paper concluded that despite the biases this theory has been considered to be the appropriate theory that helps in the development of child psychology.

The study conducted by Navarro in 2021, stated the application of mathematics is the psychological aspect and development of psychological theory is beneficial for the evaluation of psychological theories. In this paper, the author discusses Shepard's law of generalization and different Bayesian extensions. This paper argues the fact that psychological theory establishment is not a statistical problem (Navarro, 2021). However, the paper found that psychological theory developers with mathematical inclusions had a higher value.

According to Stewart (2021), the theories of learning depend on psychological factors as well. Therefore, the inclusion of cognitive features of psychology in the development of the theory of learning is very essential. This is because the framing of the educational curriculum and other curricular activities requires to study of the psychological abilities of the perceiver of a vast mass to produce effective theory (Stewart, 2021). This paper takes into consideration the cognitive and psychological aspects for the analysis of its impact on the learning theory.

The paper by Ward in 2019 signifies a lack of attention to the development of theory and conceptual analysis. The correlation analysis is a very significant statistical test that facilitates the strength of the relationship between two variables (Ward, 2019). This report, in fact, presents the establishment of the hypotheses through the correlation analysis that proves the nature and strength of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

According to Guest & Martin (2021), psychology is a branch of science that aims to study and thereby, explain human actions and behaviors. The analysis of the psychological aspects of a person provides insights into the person's method of thinking and thereby, a person's beliefs and point of view could be analyzed. However, the paper could work out the hypotheses of the research at the end (Guest & Martin 2021). Scientific approach and computational analytical concepts are necessary for developing an effective theory of psychology.

Research Hypotheses

H0: The age of the participants impacts the Tangram RT significantly.

H1: The age of the participants does not impact the Tangram RT significantly.

H0: There is a strong and positive relationship between Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation.

H2: There is no significant relationship between Tangram RT and the Quality of Conversation.

Method

The research provides a channel to direct the data collection methods and designs that are implemented. This report uses a research design of mixed methods, that is, both primary and secondary. This is because the existing literature that has been stated in the previous section was collected from reliable sources available over the Internet. Further, a survey has been conducted that would facilitate the primary analysis using the statistical test tools to determine the hypotheses (Salikhova, et al. 2020). This is also evident in the fact that the research uses the quantitative analysis method and has used qualitative methods for the review of the existing literature.

The survey that was conducted had a sample range of 164 participants and the age range of the participants is from 18 to 60. The hypotheses of the research were evaluated using the t-test method and correlation method of statistical analysis that were set in the previous section of this report. The hypotheses that had been stated aim to analyze the relationship between the independent variable Tangram RT and the dependent variable Quality of Conversation, and the impact of the independent variable age of participants on the dependent variable Tangram RT (Grani? & Maranguni? 2019). The quality of the conversation has less response because the participants in the conversation pairs have only responded to this variable.

Results

Descriptive Analysis

Figure 1: Descriptive Analysis of Tangram RT

(Source: Self-calculated in SPSS)

The snippet that has been presented above shows the descriptive analysis of the Tangram RT variable of the psychological survey. The result of the test revealed that the sample size is 164, the mean is 3.1555, and the standard deviation is 0.44331.

Figure 2: Descriptive Analysis of Quality of Conversation

(Source: Self-calculated in SPSS)

The figure that has been shown above depicts the descriptive analysis of the quality of conversation variable stated in the psychological survey. The outcome states that the total sample range is 80, the mean is 6.93, and the standard deviation is 1.199.

Inferential Analysis

Figure 3: T-test Analysis of Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation

(Source: Self-calculated in SPSS)

The figure that has been attached above entails the table that depicts the outcome of the t-test analysis between Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation. Cohen's estimated point is 7.118 for Tangram RT and 5.776 for Quality of Conversation.

Figure 4: Correlation Analysis of Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation

(Source: Self-calculated in SPSS)

The snippet that has been displayed above shows the correlation analysis of Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation. The outcome of the analysis shows that Pearson's correlation is -0.720 and the covariance is -0.387. The sample size of the analysis is 80 because the Quality of Conversation has only 80 responses.

Discussion

Key Findings

The research has found through the conduct of analysis that the determination of the hypothetical assessments and the descriptive analysis of the variables Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation. The descriptive analysis reveals the property of central tendency and measures of dispersion. Thus, the mean of Tangram RT is 3.1555, and the standard deviation is 0.44331, further, the mean of Quality of Conversation is 6.93, and the standard deviation is 1.199.

The findings of the interference analysis highlight that the null hypothesis for H1 is true. This is because the significant impact of age could be analyzed on the quality of conversation (van Rooij, & Baggio, 2021). Further, the hypothesis for the determination of the relationship between Tangram RT and Quality of Conversation is determined through correlation and thereby, it is concluded that the null hypothesis is false. This is because no significant relationship could be found between these two variables.

Linking of Findings to Existing Theories

The research of this report has come to the conclusion that statistical analysis is not a solution for the psychological problem but it helps to better the analytical perspective of the research on psychological approaches. Further, the rendition of the established theories of cognitive psychology found is regarding the children's psychological development and therefore, the analysis of this research could only linked to the youth's opinions because of the age deviation of the sample of this research. Moreover, the dependency of researchers on scientific computational activities to identify the actions and behavior of people in virtue of psychological aspects has become easier (Eysenck, & Keane, 2020). This is because the conduct of the statistical tests on the survey of this research has produced definite results for the hypotheses of this research.

Limitations of the Study

Like every other research work, this research report has also faced some hindrances that created some limitations in the process of the analysis of the research from both methodological and theoretical perspectives, which are as follows:

• The existing pieces of literature mainly focuses on the cognitive psychological development of the children.
• The mixed methodology approach of the research has been taken to facilitate the linking of the findings with existing literature. However, this was not very helpful because the aims and objectives of the analysis of this research were very different.
• The analysis conducted for the t-test took the opinions only of 80 participants due to the development of two groups of silent reading pairs and conversation pairs.
• There is no significant information that is gathered from the silent reading pairs.

Implications

The implications of this research are as follows:

• This research presented a diverse analytical outcome as the sample of the survey included varied age groups and the two groups of silent reading pairs and conversation pairs.
• This research specifies the relationship between the Tangram RT and the Quality of Conversation which is negative and insignificant.
• The two groups of this research show that cognitive psychological analysis could be conducted on silent reading pairs.

Future Research

The scope of future research on this laboratory report is that the research did consider the silent reading pairs but no effective behavioral information had been achieved. Therefore, future research could be done for a better analysis of both silent reading pairs and conversation pairs.

This laboratory report has introduced the key elements of cognitive psychology. The research has provided reviews of the existing literature. The research aims and objectives of the research have also been stated in the initial section of this report. Further, statistical analytical tools like descriptive, t-test and correlation analysis were used for the analysis of the survey. Moreover, the future scope of research, limitations, and implications have also been stated.

References

Book

• Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2020). Cognitive psychology: A student's handbook. Psychology press. [Retrieved from: https://chilab.asu.edu/sites/default/files/lcl/blackwell.pdf] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Journals
• Babakr, Z., Mohamedamin, P., & Kakamad, K. (2019). Piaget's cognitive developmental theory: Critical review. Education Quarterly Reviews, 2(3). [Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1274368.pdf] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Bhui, R., Lai, L., & Gershman, S. J. (2021). Resource-rational decision making. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 41, 15-21. [Retrieved from: https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/144282/Resource_rational_decision_making.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Ellis, N. C. (2019). Essentials of a theory of language cognition. The Modern Language Journal, 103, 39-60. [Retrieved from: https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/147861/modl12532.pdf] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Grani?, A., & Maranguni?, N. (2019). Technology acceptance model in educational context: A systematic literature review. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(5), 2572-2593. [Retrieved from: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:oVoNLnotXlgJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&as_ylo=2019&scillfp=573956810477301604&oi=lle] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Guest, O., & Martin, A. E. (2021). How computational modeling can force theory building in psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(4), 789-802. [Retrieved from: https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_3279903_3/component/file_3338153/content] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Navarro, D. J. (2021). If mathematical psychology did not exist we might need to invent it: A comment on theory building in psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(4), 707-716. [Retrieved from: https://psyarxiv.com/ygbjp/download?format=pdf] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Salikhova, N. R., Lynch, M. F., & Salikhova, A. B. (2020). Psychological Aspects of Digital Learning: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective. Contemporary Educational Technology, 12(2). [Retrieved from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1274310.pdf] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Stewart, M. (2021). Understanding learning:: Theories and critique. In University teaching in focus (pp. 3-28). Routledge. [Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Martyn-Stewart/publication/258441417_STEWART_M_2012_%27Understanding_learning_theories_and_critique%27_in_LHunt_and_D_Chalmers_eds_University_teaching_in_focus_a_learning-centred_approach_London_Routledge/links/5696676108aea2d7437467be/STEWART-M-2012-Understanding-learning-theories-and-critique-in-LHunt-and-D-Chalmers-eds-University-teaching-in-focus-a-learning-centred-approach-London-Routledge.pdf] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• van Rooij, I., & Baggio, G. (2021). Theory before the test: How to build high-verisimilitude explanatory theories in psychological science. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(4), 682-697. [Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1745691620970604] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]
• Ward, T. (2019). Why theory matters in correctional psychology. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 48, 36-45. [Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tony-Ward-8/publication/344630562_Why_theory_matters_in_correctional_psychologyZur_Bedeutung_von_Theorie_in_der_Vollzugspsychologie_Theoretical_illiteracy_and_therapeutic_ineffectivenessTheorie-Illetrismus_und_therapeutische_Ineffekti/links/5f8d1bb9a6fdccfd7b6bfc50/Why-theory-matters-in-correctional-psychologyZur-Bedeutung-von-Theorie-in-der-Vollzugspsychologie-Theoretical-illiteracy-and-therapeutic-ineffectivenessTheorie-Illetrismus-und-therapeutische-Ineffekti.pdf] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]

Website

• Nosek, B. A., Hardwicke, T. E., Moshontz, H., Allard, A., Corker, K. S., Dreber, A., ... & Vazire, S. (2022). Replicability, robustness, and reproducibility in psychological science. Annual review of psychology, 73, 719-748. [Retrieved from: https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-psych-020821-114157] [Retrieved on: 25.09.23]