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Theories that are relevant to general nursing according to contemporary ideas of mental health and illness
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Behavioural psychology theory
Theories of behavioural psychology according to the causation of mental disorder depend hugely on the suppositions of certain symptomatic behaviour or symptoms that are coined in several individuals who have several neuroses. Neuroses are certain “phobias” or a type of disorder that is caused due to anxiety. Neuroses could be considered as an acquired behaviour which has been developed into conditioned responses (Han, 2021). If there is a case of phobia in an individual who has faced exposure to inheritance frightening or circumstances as an after the experience of anxiety which are “neural objects” which are simply associated which the then situation at that time but this is not enough reason to enhance anxiety (Ntoumanis et al. 2021).
“Neural object” solely is not enough to raise the sense of anxiety. The individual's total effort to ignore the object is a responsive behaviour that is reinforced by the individual himself because the individual acquires a sense of reduced anxiety by ignoring or avoiding the thing that he fears (Nielsen et al. 2021). Hence the individual is very likely to continue ignoring the object that he fears in the future too. Only by facing the object that the individual fears, he will be able to overcome the “irrational” fear that is based on association with the object.
Humanistic psychology theory
Humanistic psychology is considered a movement in the domain of psychology. Encouraging the trust that human beings as an individual are unique is important according to psychiatrists and psychologists. Humanistic psychologists trust that psychologist is too much concerned with scientific studies and researches that analyse the acts of individuals as living being (Joseph, 2021). These researches neglect the fundamental aspects of a human being that are capable of thinking and feeling, rather most of the time and effort are wasted in laboratory research. Humanists theory addresses issues that determine the orientation of psychoanalysis which suggests an individual's experience and the cause of determination that states his behaviours (DeRobertis, 2021).
This theory is concerned with the total development of a person in the field of success, love, autonomy, and self-respect. In humanistic psychology, there is a system or outlook of notions that are concerned with the human beings over other subjects like the supernatural or the divine insight (Tulasi & Rao, 2021). This theory emphasises that human beings are genetically good and the fundamental requirements are one of the crucial aspects of human behaviour.
Challenges faced while assessment of the crisis, trauma, emergency, or distress
A huge number of people are affected and face challenges while assessing crisis, trauma, emergency, or when in distress. Most people recover from such situations over time. But individuals who have severe mental disorders are especially affected and are vulnerable during such emergencies and sudden situations. They need urgent need of mental health care and other basic requirements. Individuals often encounter feelings of anxiety, post-trauma, depression, disorders related to stress and bipolarity, and schizophrenia. While dealing with situations of crisis, distress, emergency, or trauma an individual might encounter social and mental problems. Some social problems might include pre-existing issues which include discrimination against a certain group of people or poverty. Such situations might give rise to emergency situations in personal life like segregation from family, reduced self-safety, lack of livelihood, the dispute in social networks, and decreased trust and resources (O'Neill et al. 2021).
While dealing with a situation of distress or emergency, a humanitarian response is induced which leads to overcrowding that results in reduced privacy and erosion of support of tradition or support from any community. While dealing with crisis and trauma there are issues that are related to the mental health of an individual. Such disruption of the mental health of the individual might be pre-existing. Such pre-existing events include mental disorders which are caused as a result of depression, schizophrenic or might be triggered due to the adverse effect of alcohol and drug usage. Often these emergency situations include feelings of sadness, severe stress and reaction which are caused due to stress, and post-traumatic disorder due to stress which are encountered while dealing with emergencies, trauma, distress, and crisis. However humanitarian responses include by snake or feelings of anxiety which is caused due to less knowledge regarding the distribution of food or regarding how to attain fundamental services (Guo et al. 2021).
Despite the tragic and adverse effects these situations have on the mental health and well-being of an individual, facing and managing situations of “emergency, trauma, distress, and crisis” have shown us that there is scope to develop stability of mental health and the need for the wellbeing of the mental health and stability in an individual (O'Neill et al. 2021). Facing and dealing with such situations teaches us and allows us to evolve as an individual which enlightened us on how to manage the feelings of stress and anxiety that are surfaced due to such situations.
Domains of MSE
The Mental State Examination or MSE is a framework for addressing or dealing with the prevailing mental state of a patient. MSE helps to portray a lucid or objective state and mental functioning of an individual at a certain time. The domain of MSE could be segregated into five major parts. These five parts include, emotions, insight and judgement, thoughts, general appearance and cognition. The general appearance of the patient describes the overall and outer appearance of an individual. This part is unimportant since it provides crucial knowledge that is needed and is utilized by next examiners (Kolbæk et al. 2020). Emotions state the mood, feeling, and sustainability of emotions and tone of a patient that prevails in a patient at a certain point of the period. The processing of thoughts states the manner in which the formulation and organisation of the patient are carried out which are lucid, easy, and reasonable.
The cognition in a patient refers to the capability of a patient to contemplate, find logic and reason, and how the patient is communicating these ideas and thoughts with others. The examination of cognitiveness is further segregated as orientation, memory, consciousness, abstractions and conceptualization, attention and concentration, and “visuospatial ability”. The context of insight and judgement reflects and sheds light on complicated works that need good dealing with cognitive functioning. Insight” states the ability of an individual or patient to process that he is suffering from an issue that is being analysed to understand the cause of such illness and how to mitigate such problems. Judgement portrays the ability of the patient to take an appropriate decision that would prove to be effective for the mental health and well-being of the patient.
Progress notes, a table, or similar applying the fields of the MSE
The emotions of the patient “Henry Smith” who is a third-generation farmer has been hugely affected. The emotions of the patient have been damaged and undergone several unfortunate situations that have provoked him to commit suicide. As a child, the patient went to a boarding school where he faced constant bullying and often called his parents in tears. The lack of appropriate measures to address such problems at an early age had a lasting effect on the life of the patient. After travelling extensively which the patient did in his 20s and 30s, he reunited with his family seven years back from the current scenario. After buying a plot of land the farmer started to face financial issues and also has a breakdown of the relationship. This had a deep and damaging impact on the emotions of the patient. Then the patient was known to live alone which denied the required level of connection of a human being with others.
Factors that impact the mental health and illness of a patient related to individual nursing care
The mental health of the patient has been impacted as a result of bullying at an early age without proper care and mental assistance, extensive travelling and lack of family attachments, failure in business and financial crisis, a failed relationship, and sad life with no one to communicate with and isolation from a minimum amount of human and social communication. The effects of humanized nursing care on the adverse emotions and standard of life of the patient with mental disorder play a vital role. Humanized nursing care is the total amount of all types of care a patient needs to be related to techniques of nursing that are focused on the satisfaction of the patient's psychological and personality requirements (Xu et al. 2021). Disputes and further complicated by disease, individuals who have a history of mental illness are affected both physically and mentally.
Hence far more comprehensive tactics of nursing techniques should be adopted in humanized nursing care. Humanized nursing care influences and tries to cure the adverse emotional distress and explore the basic mental illnesses the patient is suffering from. As in the case of the patient he had been suffering for a long time with a feeling of grief, lack of hope, loneliness, and hopelessness. This led to the arousal of suicidal thoughts in the patient. However, when the patient was presented in the emergency where a nurse is to look after him, the patient spoke slowly and in a monotonous tone. When the patient speaks it seems like he is speaking to himself only. When he is offered food and drinks, the patient politely refuses them. The patient follows the requests that are made by his nurse. Further, the patient is dressed in a t-shirt and jeans”.
References
- DeRobertis, E. M. (2021). The humanistic revolution in psychology: Its inaugural vision. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 61(1), 8-32. DOI: 10.1177/0022167820956785
- Guo, P., Alajarmeh, S., Alarja, G., Alrjoub, W., Al-Essa, A., Abusalem, L., ... & Harding, R. (2021). Compounded trauma: A qualitative study of the challenges for refugees living with advanced cancer. Palliative Medicine, 35(5), 916-926. DOI: 10.1177/02692163211000236
- Han, H. (2021). Consumer behavior and environmental sustainability in tourism and hospitality: A review of theories, concepts, and latest research. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(7), 1021-1042. DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2021.1903019
- Joseph, S. (2021). Posttraumatic growth as a process and an outcome: Vexing problems and paradoxes seen from the perspective of humanistic psychology. The Humanistic Psychologist, 49(2), 219. DOI: 10.1037/hum0000156
- Kolbæk, M., Tan, Z. H., Jensen, S. H., & Jensen, J. (2020). On loss functions for supervised monaural time-domain speech enhancement. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing, 28, 825-838. https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/1.5093547
- Nielsen, K. S., Cologna, V., Lange, F., Brick, C., & Stern, P. C. (2021). The case for impact-focused environmental psychology. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 74. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7541
- Ntoumanis, N., Ng, J. Y., Prestwich, A., Quested, E., Hancox, J. E., Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C., ... & Williams, G. C. (2021). A meta-analysis of self-determination theory-informed intervention studies in the health domain: Effects on motivation, health behavior, physical, and psychological health. Health psychology review, 15(2), 214-244. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17437199.2020.1718529
- O'Neill, J. C., Goldston, D. B., Kodish, T., Yu, S. H., Lau, A. S., &Asarnow, J. R. (2021). Implementing trauma informed suicide prevention care in schools: Responding to acute suicide risk. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 6(3), 379-392. DOI: 10.1080/23794925.2021.1917019
- Tulasi, L., & Rao, C. S. (2021). A review of humanistic approach to student centred instruction. The Review of Contemporary Scientific and Academic Studies, 1(1), 1-5. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laxmi-Rao-4/publication/359135657_A_Review_of_Humanistic_Approach_to_Student_Centred_Instruction/links/6229ea6897401151d20bd7d2/A-Review-of-Humanistic-Approach-to-Student-Centred-Instruction.pdf
- Xu, Z., Xu, L., Li, T., Sheng, Q., Shi, Y., & Gao, J. (2021). Effects of humanized nursing on perioperative glaucoma patients under local anesthesia and sleep quality. American journal of health behavior, 45(6), 971-977. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.45.6.2
