Gastro Oesophageal Reflux Disease Assignment Sample

1.Introduction

Access Free Samples Prepared by our Subject Matter Experts, known for offering the Best Online Assignment Help Services in Australia.

Definition of GORD

As per Mahadevan, et al. (2014), Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a chronic disease that arises when stomach bile or acid enters the food Pipe and scratches the lining. In this stomach acid continuously flows back into the tube associating with the stomach (oesophagus) and mouth. Many people have suffered from this disorder from time to time. The people might suffer from Burning in the short and chest called heartburn. This disorder can irritate the food pipes of the human body.

Clinical Manifestation of GORD disorder

• Hot burn and uncomfortable sensation of burning in the chess that frequently arises after eating.
• Acid Reflux is when stomach acid arrives back into the human mouth and yields an unpleasant or sour taste.
• Bad breathing is another of many frustrations of GORD and feeling sick of frequency is also engaging as the symptoms of this disorder.
• The victim of this disease is facing difficulty in swallowing food.
• Additional symptoms include a chronic cough, various ENT symptoms, and laryngeal disorder.

Figure 1: Manifestation of GORD disorder

(Source: Influenced by, Lata et al. 2023)

Diagnosed way for GORD

24-hour pH monitoring

As per Lata et al. (2023), It might be needed to measure the acidity level called the pH in the human oesophagus to confirm a diagnosis of GORD if nothing is identified during an endoscopy. Then the pH is measured over 24 hours using a thin tube including a sensor that passes up the human nose and down to the oesophagus.

Upper endoscopy

Test outcome might not represent a problem when Reflux is present but an endoscopy can identify inflation of the issue of the oesophagus or the other consequences. An endoscopy has also been supported to assemble a sample of the biopic to be examined for complications like Barrett's oesophagus.

Oesophageal pH monitoring

It is the most accurate way to detect stomach acid in people with GORD disorder. It includes two-way catheter monitoring and capsule monetary. Consulting with the health care professional support to diagnose the GORD.

2. Pathophysiology

“Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease” (GERD) is a common “chronic gastrointestinal disorder” distinguished by the abnormal outpour of gastric materials into the oesophagus, leading to a degree of troublesome symptoms and possible complications. This disorder can lead to a combination of painful and potentially severe symptoms.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Dysfunction: GERD commonly emerges from the malfunction of the “Lower Esophageal Sphincter” (LES), a circular band of muscle found at the crossing between the oesophagus and the stomach. As per the view of Mahadevan (2014), the key role of the LES is to control the material of the stomach, including acidic gastric juices, from flowing back into the oesophagus. In GERD, the LES fails to close adequately or relaxes inappropriately, permitting stomach acid to reflux into the oesophagus (Mahadevan, 2017). Different elements contribute to LES dysfunction, incorporating genetics, smoking, obesity, and certain medications.

Enjoy Additional Savings on WhatsApp order!

Scan the QR code with your mobile to unlock an exclusive offer! use my discount

Gastric Acid Production: Gastric acid is an essential element of the digestive function. However, excessive production and secretion of acid in the stomach can lead to GERD. As per the consideration of Lata et al. (2023), this enriched acid production can outcome from different factors, containing dietary habits, stress, as well as the presence of “Helicobacter pylori” infection, a bacterium correlated to gastritis and peptic ulcers.

Impaired Esophageal Clearance: In healthy people, the oesophagus proficiently clears refluxed stomach contents back into the stomach via combined contractions known as “peristalsis”. In GERD, this mechanism can be damaged, controlling the adequate clearance of refluxed material. Weakened peristalsis can outcome from neuromuscular dysfunction as well as inflammation of the oesophagus.

Mucosal Damage: The ongoing exposure of the oesophagal lining to stomach acid and other gastric contents can contribute to mucosal damage. As per the statement of Muntingh (2021), this is a distinctive symptom of GERD and can outcome in different complications, such as “erosive esophagitis” and even oesophagal cancer in extreme cases. The oesophagal mucosa is not designed to resist the caustic impacts of stomach acid, which can contribute to inflammation, irritation, as well as tissue damage.

Barrett's Esophagus: Barrett's oesophagus is a premalignancy condition that can form in some patients with chronic GERD. Over time, the oesophagal lining experiences a metaplastic transformation, changing into columnar epithelium with “goblet cells”. This shift is considered to be an adaptive response to chronic acid exposure. While Barrett's oesophagus itself is not cancerous, it particularly raises the risk of generating “oesophagal adenocarcinoma”, a deep and usually fatal form of cancer.

Inflammation and Cytokines: Chronic openness to gastric acid and bile salts can activate an inflammatory response in the oesophagus. Inflammation in the oesophagus is distinguished by the secretion of different cytokines, such as “interleukin-1” (IL-1), “interleukin-6” (IL-6), and “tumour necrosis factor-alpha” (TNF-α). These inflammatory arbitrators can lead to discomfort and pain in GERD patients and have played a function in the development of complications.

Lifestyle and Dietary Factors: Different lifestyle and dietary factors can lead to the development and worsening of GERD. As per the illustration of Smith (2018), obesity raises intra-abdominal pressure, which can contribute to LES dysfunction. Consuming enormous, fatty meals, caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods can loosen the LES and elicit gastric acid production, causing symptoms more sinister.

Medications: Specific medications can relax the LES or directly irritate the oesophagus, and contribute to GERD symptoms. These medications possess nitrates, calcium channel blockers, anticholinergic drugs, and bisphosphonates utilised for osteoporosis treatment.

3. Treatment

Medications

Medications are typically employed in the treatment of GERD to alleviate symptoms, decrease stomach acid production, as well as facilitate healing of the oesophagal lining. “Antacid” medications deliver quick relief by neutralising stomach acid. On the other hand, drugs such as “ranitidine” (Zantac), “famotidine” (Pepcid), and “cimetidine” (Tagamet) lower the production of stomach acid and can deliver relief from heartburn and acid reflux.

Dietary modification

Nutrition has played a noteworthy role in the management of GERD. As per the view of Farmer, Hobson & Aziz (2015), dietary modification can assist in relieving symptoms and preventing acid reflux. Patients are usually advised to avoid catalyst foods such as tomatoes, citrus, spicy dishes, caffeine, and alcohol. Smaller and more frequent meals can also aid in preventing bloated stomach distension, which can activate reflux. Keeping a healthy weight through balanced nutrition is crucial, as being overweight can worsen GERD symptoms. Additionally, consuming meals at least a few hours before bedtime and promoting the head of the bed can decrease nighttime reflux symptoms.

Lifestyle Modifications

Quitting smoking is crucial for controlling GERD, as tobacco use can waste the lower oesophagal sphincter and worsen symptoms. It also decreases the risk of oesophagal cancer, a painful complication correlated with long-term GERD.

Proton pump inhibitors meditation

This is more helpful for Acid blockers than H-2 blockers and enables time for damaged oesophageal tissue to heal. Non-prescription Proton pump inhibitors consisting of esomeprazole, lansoprazole and omeprazole. This meditation needs to be done for 4 or 8 weeks to increase GORD prevention. This meditation can block the gastric H, K-ATPase, inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid in the human body. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and Barrett's esophagus along with helicobacter pylori are a connection of regimens. This meditation can help to prevent the GORD disorder. Proton pump inhibitors are cornerstone of GORD treatment. Medications such as lansoprazole, omeprazole, and esomeprazole, are excellent at reducing stomach acid production, symptom relief, and encouraging the healing of damaged esophageal tissue. They are frequently used for 4 to 8 weeks in order to better avoid GORD. Because they work by suppressing the gastric H, K-ATPase pump, which stops stomach acid output.

4. Key patient education consideration when nursing patients with GORD disorder

• Neglecting the positioning of the patient in a passive place has the patient sit upright behind meals. a supine position after meals can raise the acid It has been also instructed to neglect the greatest seasoned food, alcoholic drinks, high-fat foods, acidic juice, and bedtime snacks.
• Instructing patients to eat food well eat slowly and manage a high protein diet and less fat in the food. Instruct patients to neglect temperature extremes of foods, circuits, gas-developing foods, and spicy foods eating. These foods raise the acid production in the human body which precipitates Reflux and heartburn.
• According to Mahadevan et al. (2017), It has been also considered to avoid refluxed predisposing components involving caffeine, chocolate, tobacco, and alcohol. In addition, to prevent aspiration patients need to invite the bedhead and not eat for many hours before bedtime.
• Avoiding late Mills can also help the GORD-affected people planning a proper mil can support to decrease the complication of this disorder. This is merely beneficial to people suffering from nighttime Reflux.
• Putting the tight fitting clothing can raise of the discomfort but it also helps this patient to enhance pressure in the abdomen leading to enhanced hernia and forcing stomach components into the oesophagus.
• Avoid eating over milk and containing high-fat meals. Do not drink alcohol and the foods consume irrigation to the oesophagus.
• Needs to go to the doctor and examine the pH on a regular basis to prevent this disorder.
• Maintaining dietary record is one of the most important factor in GORD symptoms. It will help the healthcare providers in tailoring dietary recommendations.
• Encourage patients to stay well-hydrated with water. However, it's essential to remind them to avoid drinking large amounts of fluid with meals, as this can contribute to stomach distension and increased pressure on the lower esophageal sphincter.

5. Conclusion

On the basis of this report, it has been concluded that GORD is a common clinical problem that is impacting millions of people in Australia and even worldwide. The patients are recognized by both atypical and classical symptoms. The symptoms of GORD can be easily identified and diagnosed. Behavioural changes and most in acid suppression remain vital to its treatment. Furthermore, it is a vital health concern as it is connected with the divinising the life quality and major morbidity. PPIs are a crucial tool in the management of GORD and associated illnesses such Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and Barrett's oesophagus. Therefore it helps to reduce issues associated with GORD.

References

• Mahadevan, V. (2014). Anatomy of the esophagus. Surgery (Oxford), 32(11), 565-570. Retrieved on 14^th October 2023, from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263931914001860
• Mahadevan, V. (2017). Anatomy of the stomach. Surgery (Oxford), 35(11), 608-611. Retrieved on 14^th October 2023, from: https://www.academia.edu/download/56088272/Anatomy_of_the_stomach.pdf
• Lata, T., Trautman, J., Townend, P., & Wilson, R. B. (2023). Current management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease—treatment costs, safety profile, and effectiveness: a narrative review. Gastroenterology Report, 11, goad008. Retrieved on 14^th October 2023, from: https://academic.oup.com/gastro/article/doi/10.1093/gastro/goad008/7128280
• Muntingh, G. L. (2021). Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: extinguishing that fire. South African General Practitioner, 2(5), 178-183. Retrieved on 14^th October 2023, from: http://sagpj.co.za/index.php/SAGPJ/article/download/99/180
• Smith, H. (2018). Heartburn, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and non-erosive reflux disease. Professional Nursing Today, 22(4), 25-30. Retrieved on 14^th October 2023, from: http://www.pntonline.co.za/index.php/PNT/article/view/1008/1881
• Farmer, A. D., Hobson, A. R., & Aziz, Q. (2015). Oesophageal and gastric motility. Medicine, 43(5), 262-265. Retrieved on 14^th October 2023, from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1357303915000432