Excessive Mental Stress And Unhygienic Food Cultures Lead To Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease In Australian Teenage Group Assignment Sample

Introduction: Excessive Mental Stress And Unhygienic Food Cultures Lead To Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease In Australian Teenage Group

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Depression is one of the effects of “chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)”, a lung condition that is widespread in teenage age. One of the main contributors to severe disability evaluated globally is depression. The prevalence and severity of this illness can be affected by a person's lifestyle, notably by their eating habits. The cause of mental diseases like depression is the chronic nature of the condition and its effects on the patient's quality of life. In the case of dietary patterns within disorders like hypertension and cancer, a more beneficial diet gives advantages for improved quality of life. The mental state is influenced by nutrition. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and brain function, for instance, are all linked to nutrition, and these physiological aspects are all involved in the emergence of depression. Reduced social contact, sadness, and insufficiency of motivation, pleasure, and productivity are all signs of depression, an affective-cognitive illness. Given that depression can both cause and result from COPD at the same time, the two conditions likely go hand. However, the specific mechanism underlying the connection between anxiety or depression and COPD has not however been recognized. Patients having COPD are more prone to encounter depression and anxiety in comparison to those who have other types of chronic diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, musculoskeletal disturbances, or cancer. This is probably due to more subordinate levels of physical and operational stability, regular hospitalizations, and drug dependence.

Through this study how common and severe extreme mental stress is for COPD among Australian teenagers will be analyzed. The effect of unhygienic food cultures on the occurrence of COPD within the teenage populations of Australia. This study also helps to find out possible risk factors for COPD that affect Australian teenage populations and is brought on by unhealthy food cultures and severe mental stress. A review will be done regarding the current short- and long-term therapies that are available for the purpose of lowering the risk of COPD among teenagers in Australia.

The study will be conducted by considering ethical principles. The collection of data in a respectful and empathetic way is important for several reasons. First off, respecting consumers rather than making them feel uncomfortable is possible when data is extracted with care. Respecting an individual's personal data also fosters trust, which is crucial for the caliber of data being gathered. In order to collect data effectively and ethically, it is also vital to comprehend a person's situation. Further, it's essential to aim for impartial data gathering, which can only be done if the data collector has empathy for the needs of the user. [Referred to Appendix 2]

Journal reviews

According to the author, Wallace, et al. 2020, risk factors connected to Dietary patterns are ones that are associated with lower content of fruits, vegetables, and seeds, and high in added sugars, c saturated fats, and “processed carbohydrates”. These are the elements that contribute to poor health. Because of their ability to promote health, “fruits and vegetables (F&V)” have long been included in dietary recommendations due to their high vitamin, mineral, and, newly, “dietary bioactive range”. Most international and nutritional associations advise teenagers to eat at least 2 servings of fruits and 3 servings of vegetables each day. To encourage teenagers to acquire and enhance their behaviors related to lifestyle, behavioral methods are also required. Environmental change is crucial because it influences how people eat, how they eat, and what food options are accessible.

Figure 1: Advice from international and nutritional associations for teenagers

(Source: Self-created in MS Word)

Despite the fact that “produce” is the main form of bioactive compounds related to dietary, “endogenous protective agents” that frequently come up with the vivid colors common in “F&V, nutrition, and health experts” throughout the world which is acknowledged by the significance of “F&V” in delivering necessary fibers and micronutrient within the diet (Siddiqui et al. 2022). Over the past ten years, research has shifted its attention to the part regular nutrition plays in the emergence of depressive illnesses and their symptoms. The effect of F&V among observational investigations has been considered by at least three systematic reviews, all of which discovered that the occurrence of depression was decreased.

Figure 2: Benefits of systematic review

(Source: https://image1.slideserve.org)

In the study, the author has utilized systematic review and the data has been collected through the Pubmed database. “Forced expiratory volume (FEV1)”, airway oxidative stress, or systemic inflammation were not affected, based on a 12-week study. According to 3-year research of 120 patients with “COPD” that showed improved lung function in “the high F&V group” compared to the control (Wallace, et al. 2020). Accordingly, a prospective investigation of 1918 cases of the disease over an average of 13.2 years found that with every 1-serving-per-day incremental increase in total F&V intake, the risk of disease decreased by 8% in smokers and 4% in former smokers.

As per the opinion of the author, Zwane, 2020, COPD is a serious and moderate respiratory condition described by diminished wind current to the lungs. Customarily connected with smoking and more established age gatherings, COPD is currently turning into a disturbing issue among Australian teenagers (Tham et al. 2023). Late examination proposes that excessive mental stress and unhygienic food cultures assume huge parts in the improvement of COPD in this specific segment. This article intends to investigate the connection between mental stress, dietary habits, and COPD among Australian teenagers, revealing insight into likely preventive measures. Australian teenagers today face remarkable degrees of mental stress because of different elements, including scholarly tension, peer assumptions, online entertainment impact, and family issues. Drawn-out openness to stress sets off a progression of physiological reactions, for example, expanded pulse and changed insusceptible capability, which can add to the improvement of respiratory disorders. Stress-actuated aggravation and oxidative stress in the lungs can prompt aviation route deterrent, at last bringing about COPD.

Figure 3: Nutritional habits and lifestyle

(Source: Zwane, 2020)

The dietary habits of Australian teenagers have encountered critical changes lately, with an expanded utilization of handled and cheap food, and a decrease in the admission of new, supplement-rich foods. These unhygienic food cultures do not just add to heftiness and other metabolic disorders yet additionally unfavorably affect lung well-being. Unfortunate nourishment debilitates the safe framework, weakens lung capability, and fuels aggravation in the respiratory framework (Wallace et al. 2020). Deficient admission of cancer prevention agents and fundamental supplements compromises the body's capacity to battle oxidative stress, further expanding the gamble of COPD.

The study may have a small sample size, limiting the generalizability of the discoveries to the more extensive population of Australian teenagers. Without a control group, it is challenging to establish an immediate cause-and-impact relationship between mental pressure, food societies, and COPD. The review could depend on self-reported data, which can be likely to recall bias and social desirability bias, affecting the accuracy of the information obtained (Zwane, 2020). The review may not account for other variables like genetic predisposition, environmental factors, or previous health conditions, which could impact the improvement of COPD. The studies’ emphasis on Australian teenagers may limit the generalizability of the discoveries to other age groups or populations beyond Australia.

According to the author, Broerse, and Calder, 2021, Health risks and behavioral issues are more prevalent in adolescents. Admittedly, substance misuse is a major issue for this group and has a negative impact on their health and well-being. Parents shouldn't worry about making much progress, though, because the adolescent years are so unpredictable. As a result, substance use has an impact on the developing brain by raising the likelihood of addiction, mood disorders, decreased impulse control, an increased risk of negative outcomes, confusion, cognitive decline, and morbidity (Bose et al. 2019). In relation to the effects of adolescent substance use on public health, this article discusses current trends and studies. Teenagers can benefit greatly from behavior modification, mind transformation, and recodification therapy, so it is imperative that parents and societies take advantage of this chance. Further, public awareness of the negative effects of substance use on health needs to grow.

Figure 4: Health risk behaviors of teenagers

(Source: Broerse, and Calder, 2021)

Based on the “AHS 2011–12 survey” it has been found that the ten-year-oldest data on physical inactivity among young people (ages 12–17). According to the survey, more than 90% of young people did not engage in the required amounts of physical activity. The team's research revealed that poor diet and higher levels of mental stress are two of the population's top risk factors for COPD. The research summarised here indicates a link between high levels of mental stress, unclean food cultures, and COPD in Australian adolescent populations (Broerse, and Calder,  2021). These results indicate that more investigation is required to understand this relationship and create effective therapies to lower the risk of COPD in this population.

Excessive mental stress and unsanitary food habits have been linked to COPD cases in Australian teenage populations, according to research investigations. But there isn't enough information to fully explore these associations, particularly how lifestyle factors affect the pathophysiology and development of COPD in this population (Zwane 2020). The specific environmental and societal elements that contribute to this illness should therefore be identified through further research. In order to improve COPD prognoses in this vulnerable cohort, such information can aid in better informing policy making and directing the creation of preventative strategies specific to Australian teenagers.

Study Design

For the study, the epidemiological design will be followed. Epidemiological research is a vital tool in the analysis of disease outbreaks and transmission since it aids in the discovery of risk factors and the biological mechanisms behind these illnesses. An epidemiologic study's design includes several steps, including the specification of the hypothesis, participant selection, data processing, and result interpretation (Climie et al. 2021). These steps are all designed to make it possible to thoroughly examine and validate the hypothesis. Potential study volunteers can be identified by using the study design described here.

Following the necessary data gathering from the study subjects, it is analyzed to discover links between risk factors and the emergence of a certain disease. An epidemiological hypothesis might then be developed based on these associations to explain why a disease exists in a certain population (Ragonese et al. 2019). The final step of an epidemiological investigation is the analysis of the results. The results can be used to draw conclusions about the variables that influence the prevalence and spread of the disease in the community under study. The study's conclusions can also be applied to public health programs and regulations that aim to lessen the disease under study's toll on people's health.

Materials and methods

Google Forms-created questionnaires, drafting paper, extra pens and pencils, and other supplies are required for this project. A questionnaire survey will be utilized to explore the relationship between high levels of mental stress and unclean food cultures and the development of COPD in Australian adolescent smokers. Australian youths between the ages of 13 and 18 will be the target demographic. The study will gather information on previous episodes of mental stress, unsanitary food cultures, and respiratory illnesses like COPD.

All teens in Australia between the ages of 13 and 18 will be included in the study's sampling period. 51 Australian teenagers will be selected as the sample size to represent the population using a straightforward random sampling procedure (Wichansawakun et al. 2022). Following that, statistical methods will be used to assess the data obtained from the questionnaires. An email invitation to participate will be delivered to randomly chosen students in the target demographic across the nation who will get the questionnaires using online Google forms. Participants will be requested for contact information so that the responses' accuracy can be validated, and this is done to assure accuracy. All information obtained through the questionnaire will be treated in confidence, and it will all be safely preserved and examined. [Referred to Appendix 1]

Presentation

Figure 5: Graph of frequently experience mental or physical tiredness

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

The survey on frequently experiencing mental or physical tiredness has been shown that 58.8% of participants responded that they face mental or physical tiredness. 17.6% of the participant does not experience any type of mental tiredness (Firth et al. 2020). This result has proven that the majority of the participant has the issues related to physical or mental tiredness.

Figure 6: Graph of any physical activity or exercise during the course of the day

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

The results of the above image have shown that the majority of the participants are not doing any physical activity during the course of the day and this is approximately 52%. Only 38% of the participants do physical activity during the course of the day.

Figure 7: Graph of frequently eaten processed or unhealthful foods

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

The above result denotes that 41.2% of participants frequently eat unhealthy or processed food and the same amount of participants also don't consume unhealthy foods. This represents that not all of the participants frequently eat processed or unhealthy foods.

Figure 8: Graph of regular basis eating of fast food

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

60% of the participants sometimes eat fast foods. Only 32% of participants frequently eat fast foods which is harmful to their lives.

Figure 9: Graph of frequently inhaled smoke from cigarettes or polluted air

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

37.3% of participants are most prone to frequently inhaling smoke from cigarettes or polluted air. The majority of the participants approximately 41.2% participants sometimes inhale smoke from cigarettes.

Figure 10: Graph of frequently experience shortness of breath

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

The above result has shown that only 24% of the participants frequently experiences shortness of breath. The majority of the participant approximately 56% participanyts have not faces shortness of breath.

Figure 11: Graph of previously had respiratory illness diagnosed

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

The above result has shown that more than 30% of the participants previously had respiratory illness diagnosed. More than 35% of the participant have not been diagnosed with any kind of respiratory illness previously. More than 30% of the participants are not sure about these questions and fail to provide a proper response regarding this question.

Figure 12: Graph of awareness of the connection between COPD and mental stress

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

The above result has shown that more than 34% of participants are having knowledge about the connection between COPD and Mental stress. More than 38% of the participants are not that much sure about the questions and cannot give a clear response to this particular question. More than 28% of the participants have been aware of the connection between COPD and mental Stress.

Figure 13: Graph of lifestyle or work environment might contribute to COPD

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

The above result has shown that more than 47.1% of the participants are agreeing that their lifestyle or work environment contributes to COPD. But more than 27.5% of the participants had not approved of this question, they are having some other opinion about this particular question. Almost 25.5% had not any proper knowledge about this particular question and they failed to give any opinion on this question.

Figure 14: Graph of the visit to the doctor for a breathing-related issue

(Source: Self-created in Google Form)

The above result is showing how many people visited doctors due to breathing-related problems. More than 41.2% of the participants went to the doctor for a breathing-related issue. Even more than 41.2% of the participants had not agreed because maybe they went to the doctor for other issues, not for breathing problems. Almost 17.6% of the participants went to the doctor in the previous year. 

Products

Excessive mental stress and unhygienic food cultures don't act freely yet rather apply a synergistic effect on the improvement of COPD in Australian teenagers. Chronic stress debilitates the body's guard instruments, making it more helpless to the harming effects of unfortunate sustenance. Moreover, undesirable dietary examples can expand weakness to mental medical problems, worsening stress levels. This endless loop enhances the gamble of creating COPD and other respiratory illnesses in this age bunch. Most importantly, there is a requirement for expanded mindfulness about the effect of mental stress and dietary decisions on lung well-being. Instructive projects ought to be executed in schools and networks to advance stress the executive’s procedures and underscore the significance of a fair eating routine. The joint effort between medical care experts, teachers, and guardians is vital in cultivating a strong climate that energizes sound way-of-life decisions. Excessive mental stress and unhygienic food cultures have arisen as key variables adding to the improvement of COPD in Australian teenagers. Perceiving the transaction between mental well-being, sustenance, and respiratory well-being is fundamental in forming effective preventive methodologies. By tending to these fundamental causes and advancing better habits, we can relieve the gamble of COPD and further develop the general prosperity of Australian teenagers, guaranteeing a better future. “Emphysema”, “minor airway blockage”, and “chronic bronchitis” are all possible components of COPD, which is indicated by airflow restriction that is not fully alterable. Due to the high vitamin, mineral, and polyphenol content of F&V, increasing intake may help prevent the development of COPD. Patients with COPD participated in two RCTs that altered their intake of F&V. 

Required resources

Gantt chart

Figure 15: Gnatt chart

(Source: self-created through Project Libre)

Budget

 

Budget analysis
Particulars	Month 1	Month 2	Month 3	Month 4	Month 5	Month 6
Opening Balance	$ 8,000.00	$     7,900.00	$     8,200.00	$     8,500.00	$ 8,400.00	$ 8,600.00
Income
Univercity Fund	$ 7,500.00	$     7,700.00	$     7,600.00	$     7,800.00	$ 8,000.00	$ 7,900.00
Government	$ 15,000.00	$   15,000.00	$   13,000.00	$   16,000.00	$15,000.00	$ 16,000.00
Total (A)	$ 30,500.00	$ 30,600.00	$ 28,800.00	$ 32,300.00	$31,400.00	$ 32,500.00
Expenditure
salaries	$ 5,000.00	$     6,000.00	$     3,000.00	$ 6,000.00	$ 5,000.00	$ 5,000.00
maintainace expenses	$ 4,000.00	$     4,000.00	$     4,000.00	$     4,000.00	$ 4,000.00	$ 4,000.00
Wages	$ 7,000.00	$     3,000.00	$     5,000.00	$     5,000.00	$ 6,000.00	$ 9,000.00
Rent	$ 5,000.00	$     4,000.00	$     4,000.00	$     3,000.00	$ 4,000.00	$ 4,000.00
Other expenses (Expendable capital items)	$ 2,000.00	$     3,000.00	$     3,000.00	$     6,000.00	$ 6,000.00	$ 2,000.00
Total (B)	$ 23,000.00	$   20,000.00	$   19,000.00	$  24,000.00	$ 25,000.00	$ 24,000.00
Closing balance (A-B)	$ 7,500.00	$ 10,600.00	$   9,800.00	$   8,300.00	$ 6,400.00	$ 8,500.00

Table 1: Budget of the research protocol

(Source: Self-created)

For conducting this research protocol, opening balance will be approximately $ 8,000.00 for the starting month. University funds and Governmental funds will be categorized as income for conducting this epidemiological study. Expenditure will be required related to maintenance and other expenses. The closing budget will be calculated on the basis of minus of total expenditure from total income.

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