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Introduction: Critical Analysis Of The Medical And Psychosocial Models Of Mental Illness
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As an alternative to functional psychiatric diagnosis, this given research report has developed a conceptual system that incorporates biological, social as well as psychological factors interconnected with the diagnosis purpose. Moreover, the fundamental principle of this Power Threat Meaning Framework along with its main features limitations and diagnostic approaches has also been discussed in this given research (Johnstone et al., 2018). However, in this research, a brief analysis of the medical and psychosocial model has been critically discussed to explain those issues that patients bring for counselling. Moreover, different research showed that Psychiatry has made effective advancements in the last few years. Apart from that, the importance of psychosocial stress and its interconnection with psychosocial diagnosis and psychosocial adversity remains controversial. The term “Medicalisation” is mainly considered as a process by which a specific condition of any human being is considered as a medical problem which was not before treated as pathological (Kaczmarek, 2022). In the medical literature this “Medicalisation” is considered as primary prevention or preventing disorders such as polio or diphtheria (Kaczmarek, 2022).
On the other hand, social significance is considered a condition that influences social behaviour, society as well as social status. In addition to that, different social factors mainly include employment, education, social support, community safety, income and others. However, interpersonal factors include customs, perspective, morality, belief systems and language (Morowatisharifabad et al. 2019). In addition, Situational factors mainly include social as well as physical environments. As per the medical literature, these social and interpersonal factors have a great influence on Medicalisation and disease diagnosis process as well.
Body of report
Diagnosis is mainly considered as the state of process that helps to find out specific medical issues or problems faced by an individual. In addition to that, diagnosis also helps to find out how that person has fallen into that situation or how this situation could be treated further. By analysing the current research report different models and diagnosis frameworks have come into operation that could help patients to deal with their mental conditions during medicalisation and diagnosis.
The medical model of mental illness
Although it is appropriate to base diagnoses on different biological patterns, psychiatric diagnoses as well as physical issues are inherently restricted in their capacity for explaining emotional and behavioural issues. This is due to their primary reliance on theoretical models designed to comprehend bodies apart from individual's actions, feelings and well as thoughts. This includes the notions that a human being's emotional and behavioural issues are "symptoms" of an internal pathology or dysfunction, that it makes sense to search for biological "signs" connected with these symptoms, as well as that people can be divided into distinct clusters which are hypothesised to be made up of these symptoms.
There are different traditional biopsychosocial models for mental distress including tripartite mode, PTM Framework and others. However, there is no presumption of pathology in the biopsychosocial model, and the “biological” aspects are not prioritised. They are a single level of description which are inseparably connected to each other. A tripartite model is a helpful heuristic, whereas the three components of the model are not independent of one another, however, they emerge from one another (Howard & Khalifeh, 2020). There is no real comparison between the proposed core aspects or within them. The individual cannot be understood apart from the relationships, community, and culture in which patient resides; meaning can only be created when biological, social, and cultural factors come together; and the social as well as interpersonal environment could not be separated from biological capacities.
However, based on the entire discussion of the research report it has been understood that these medals are effective to control the mental conditions of patients while having a counselling session with a psychiatrist. As stated by van der Molen et al. (2020), it has also been noted that these medals of framework could help people who are suffering from mental dysfunction to manage their hormonal control. Lastly, and most important aspects of these models are, counsellors could easily read minds of the patients by maintaining the aspects of disease control models.
Key assumptions underpinning the medical model
All the above-mentioned medical models of psychiatry are mainly essential for four types of ontological assumptions such as Realism, Naturalism, Reductionism as well as Essentialism (Ryba et al., 2022). In case of psychological properties such as considerations, convictions as well as longings are genuine peculiarities and not just antiques of socio-social standards. As stated by Ryba et al., (2022), idea that changes in the structures of the brain are responsible for the development and persistence of mental disorders. In addition to that, the view is that at a few levels, unsettling influences in brain structures are important to represent mental issues. In conclusion, the attestation is that psychological issues have basic 'substances" that permit qualification of one kind from another (van der Molen et al. 2020). The pragmatist position affirms that terms utilised in logical speculations structure for genuine properties in outside world, regardless of whether applicable peculiarities are not really discernible. As a result, things such as “sodium-gated ion channels” and “serotonin receptors” are also present. Our capacity to perceive them through our senses is not necessary for their existence. Mental properties such as thoughts and beliefs are typically derived in an informal relevant way from neurobiological structures in naturalistic theories of mind. The observed clinical expressions of behaviour ought to have causal roots in biology in order to support the naturalistic description of a mental disorder. Neuroscience has uncovered a biological basis for a number of mental illnesses over the past few decades. These improvements have fuelled the mission to clarify mental properties by lessening them for the cooperation of their putative substrates (Byrow et al. 2020). A more disputable ontological suspicion of the clinical model of psychiatry is essentialism. This is the argument that clinical nosology defines psychiatric disorders as distinct maps of reality and that these disorders have essential properties without which they would not exist.
Useful alternative models
The validity, usefulness along with descriptive and predictive power of standard diagnostic systems, primarily categorical ICD-11 and DSM-5, are limited (Cohen, Öngür & Babb, 2021). These issues were partially addressed in the most recent versions for psychotic disorders, whereas, it is believed that additional modifications are required. Changes should be supported by evidence however, it showed contrasted factor-based psychosis models with categorical, modified categorical, and continuum-based models as considered as the alternative model for psychiatry (Meininger et al. 2020). A factor is a collection of symptoms or a single defining feature of an illness. Studies of the genetics, pathobiology, and clinical presentation of psychotic disorders all consistently support a structure of factors rather than categories as the best way to describe psychoses. As they can include determinants of risk or response as well as any key feature of the illness, such as symptoms and course, factors are not only the best fit as well as it is comprehensive. The instruments for making factor-based analyses are accessible, solid, as well as concordant with real practices utilised for clinical evaluations. However, Factors are intrinsically layered, even complex, such as the actual psychoses, and they give the detail expected to one or the other in gathering or recognizing patients for treatment choices. Lastly, factors can be used to create categories that are similar to those currently in use if necessary.
Mental illness vs physical illness
Based on the entire findings from the given research article it showed there are a variety of physical symptoms that people with mental illnesses experience, both as a result of their illness and treatment (Canadian Mental Health Association, 2021). Many psychiatric medications have side effects like weight gain and irregular heart rhythms, and mental illnesses can change hormonal balances and sleep cycles. These side effects make an expanded weakness to a scope of states of being. Besides, the way that individuals experience their psychological sicknesses can build their vulnerability of creating poor actual well-being.
In addition to that, cognitive as well as social functioning could be hampered by mental illness, as can energy levels, that could make it more difficult to adopt healthy behaviours. Individuals might need inspiration to deal with their well-being (Meininger et al. 2020). Apart from that, as a result of or in response to their symptoms, they may engage in “unhealthy eating and sleeping patterns, smoke, or abuse substances, resulting in worse health outcomes” (Duchaine et al. 2020).
Role of Social and interpersonal factors in mental distress
The understanding of how people's health outcomes are influenced by their living and working conditions is the primary focus of social determinants frameworks. As stated by van der Molen et al. (2020), social determinants structures expand upon the idea of the "social inclination" that people with lower economic well-being have more prominent well-being endangers and lower futures than those with higher status, and that the effect of social position can collect over the long run. Multiple well-known global health disparities, including “shorter life expectancy, higher rates of child mortality, and a greater burden of disease among disadvantaged populations” are supposed to be caused by these circumstances as well as called social determinants. Since this unequal distribution of resources is thought to cause experimental differences in social determinants, they can be reduced through targeted economic as well as social programs and policies.
As an example, High blood sugar levels and blood circulation disruptions could cause by some chronic physical conditions that could have an effect on brain function. On the other hand, Emotional stress and chronic pain are two factors which are connected to the onset of depression and anxiety in people with chronic physical conditions. Disability experiences can also cause distress and isolate individuals from social support (van der Molen et al. 2020). Lastly, it could be stated that there are various differences between mental and physical disorders depending on different social and interpersonal factors.
Conclusion
Based on the entire discussion it has been concluded that the model of psychiatry is effective for the counselling process of mentally ill patients during their counselling process. Along with that, it showed counsellors need to focus on both social and interpersonal factors of the patients before communicating with mentally disabled patients. In addition to that, all these models mainly help in the diagnosis process and Medicalisation of the mentally-ill individual. Depending on different medical-based literature it showed that there are huge differences between mental illness and physical illness. In addition, it showed that besides form social and interpersonal factors, heredity has an effective role in diagnosis process of any disease. Lastly, it could be stated that further research on the alternative medical model of psychiatry could be helpful counsellors to manage the mental health conditions of patients.
References
Selected paper
- Johnstone, L., Boyle, M., Cromby, J., Dillon, J., Harper, D., Kinderman, P., ... & Read, J. (2018). The power threat meaning framework: overview. Leicester: British Psychological Society, https://www.academia.edu/download/76750543/johnstone-and-boyle-2018-ptm-framework-jhp.pdf
- Others
- Byrow, Y., Pajak, R., Specker, P., & Nickerson, A. (2020). Perceptions of mental health and perceived barriers to mental health help-seeking amongst refugees: A systematic review. Clinical psychology review, 75, 101812, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735819303241
- Canadian Mental Health Association, 2021, Relationship-between-mental-health-mental-illness-and-chronic-physical-conditions, Retrieved from: https://ontario.cmha.ca/documents/the-relationship-between-mental-health-mental-illness-and-chronic-physical-conditions/#:~:text=People%20living%20with%20mental%20illnesses,gain%20to%20irregular%20heart%20rhythms.
- Cohen, B. M., Öngür, D., & Babb, S. M. (2021). Alternative diagnostic models of the psychotic disorders: evidence-based choices. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 90(6), 373-385, https://karger.com/pps/article/90/6/373/821149
- Duchaine, C. S., Aube, K., Gilbert-Ouimet, M., Vezina, M., Ndjaboue, R., Massamba, V., ... & Brisson, C. (2020). Psychosocial stressors at work and the risk of sickness absence due to a diagnosed mental disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA psychiatry, 77(8), 842-851, https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2763369
- Howard, L. M., & Khalifeh, H. (2020). Perinatal mental health: a review of progress and challenges. World Psychiatry, 19(3), 313-327, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/wps.20769
- Kaczmarek, E. (2022). Promoting diseases to promote drugs: the role of the pharmaceutical industry in fostering good and bad medicalization. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 88(1), 34-39, https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/bcp.14835
- Meininger, L., Adam, J., von Wirth, E., Viefhaus, P., Woitecki, K., Walter, D., & Döpfner, M. (2022). Cognitive-behavioral teletherapy for children and adolescents with mental disorders and their families during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey on acceptance and satisfaction. Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 16(1), 1-11, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700829/full
- Morowatisharifabad, M. A., Rahimi, T., Farajkhoda, T., & Zadeh, H. F. (2019). Understanding Interpersonal Influences on the Use of Formal Health Services among a Population of Iranian Women in Reproductive Age: A Qualitative Study. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(9), 1531, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6542402/
- Ryba, T. V., Wiltshire, G., North, J., & Ronkainen, N. J. (2022). Developing mixed methods research in sport and exercise psychology: Potential contributions of a critical realist perspective. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20(1), 147-167, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1612197X.2020.1827002
- van der Molen, H. F., Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Frings-Dresen, M. H., & de Groene, G. (2020). Work-related psychosocial risk factors for stress-related mental disorders: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 10(7), e034849, https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/10/7/e034849.full.pdf
