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1. BOQ
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Figure 1: Estimation process
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
Figure 2: Estimation of footing for learning center
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
Figure 3: Estimation of slab
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
Figure 4: Estimation of reinforced concrete wall
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
Figure 5: Estimation of Concrete beam
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
Figure 6: Estimation of Formwork
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
Figure 7: Estimation of Reinforcement
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
2. Trade Report (Trade Break up)
Introduction
The research will conduct on the trade factor to establish a building work as a learning center. This learning center will build by a specific organization as “Newcastle Quantity Surveying Pty Limited”. Actually, this company is a quantity surveyor company who are calculating the BOQ estimate and trade factor to create a building in the construction field. So, this report will discuss the trade report for the specific construction work. To start the building work BOQ is the must factor to calculate the using materials and cost so the company will calculate all of these variables of concrete, formwork, and reinforcement.
Market Analysis
The preparation, planning, and execution of residential, commercial, and modern designs are all part of the structure construction sector. It offers various discussions and lessons, such as “designing, contracting, and hiring executives”. The company assumes a vital role in financial development, decision-making, and framework building. So, the specific quantity surveyor company also doing its job to modify the learning center as well development factor. Market data indicates that construction in the field of structure development has continued. Projects involving “rapid urbanization, population growth, and foundation development” are intended to spark interest in construction administrations (Onat et al. 2020). Also, government initiatives promoting “affordable housing, intelligent urban communities, and infrastructure investment programs” are contributing to the expansion of the market. The factors of supply and demand probably influence the building construction sector. On supply side, variables include the availability of “skilled labor, raw materials, and development equipment”.
Trade Overview
In this building construction project, such kinds of trade factors play essential roles but three trades are analyzed such as “electrical, plumbing, and HVAC”.
Electrical trade
The electrical trade defines the installation, repair, and maintenance of electrical systems in the building works. For wiring and integrating electrical components including “lighting fixtures, outlets, circuit breakers, and control systems”, electrical specialists are responsible. They make sure that the electrical system complies with safety regulations (Gamil et al.2020).
Plumbing trade
The installation and maintenance of plumbing systems that provide clean water supply and sewage removal inside buildings are the focal points of the pipes exchange. Installing and maintaining “plumbing, tools, spigots, and water heating systems” are tasks for a plumber. They play a significant role in ensuring proper seepage and sewage systems as well.
HVAC trade
The design, construction, and maintenance of structures' “heating, ventilation, and cooling systems (HVAC)” are covered by central air economic agreements. It is the responsibility of central air specialists to provide comfortable indoor climates by regulating humidity, temperature, and air quality. They install and maintain equipment like heaters, boilers, forced air systems, heat pumps, ventilation fans, and air filtration systems (Boadu et al. 2020).
Figure 8: Trade Overview for building construction
(Source: self-created)
Trade Analysis
The trade analysis of the specific learning center established in this specific report depends on the project and contracts to the specific trade. Projects to develop learning centers grow and become more complex as they progress from small-scale renovations to vast-scale grounds extensions. The construction of new academic buildings, such as “lecture halls, libraries, research centers, athletic offices, and authoritative places”, is typically a part of significant initiatives (Wu et al. 2019). These initiatives may also combine forward-thinking innovations, maintainable plan features, and flexible learning environments to support current practices.
The commitment of many parties, including “workers for hire, modelers, designers, and subcontractors”, is outlined in the contracts for the learning center construction work (Loosemore et al. 2019). Key agreements could include contracts for plan fabrication, where one party is responsible for both the planning and growth of the learning center. Executive contracts are one example of a different kind of agreement.
Trade opportunities and challenges
The trade challenges signify such kinds of factors as “Labor shortage, Regulatory issues, Budget Constraints,” etc.
Labor shortage
There is frequently a shortage of qualified workers in the construction industry, including learning center construction work. The demand for skilled specialists like “draughtsman, engineers, and talented tradespeople” frequently exceeds the labor pool, leading to delays and increased work costs.
Budget Constraints
The scope of programs designed to generate learning centers might be affected by budgetary constraints (Perera et al. 2020). Meeting the requirements of the instructional office while obtaining adequate funding and management costs can be challenging, especially when dealing with unforeseen expenses or fluctuating material and labor costs.
Project coordination
The establishment of a learning center usually involves a large number of stakeholders, including educational institutions, project employees, engineers, and subcontractors. It might be difficult to coordinate and communicate between various groups, which can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and postponements (Ogunsanya et al. 2022). The learning center construction trade refers to the various kinds of opportunities for development and growth such as “Technological advancement, Sustainable practices, Modernization and renovation, Partnership collaboration”.
Technological advancement
Combining specific technology, such as “smart classroom, computer-generated reality, and smart learning tools, offers significant opportunities” to further the construction of modern and inventive learning environments.
Sustainable practices
Emphasizing energy-efficient design elements, sustainable power systems, and workable plan features fits with the growing demand for educational facilities that are not harmful to the environment and can position development companies for market growth.
Partnership collaboration
Strong relationships with construction companies, modelers, and subcontractors promote collaboration and can lead to new task valuable opportunities and competitive advantage (Stanitsas et al. 2021).
Trade Standard and Regulation
Building codes
The learning center should be developed in accordance with local building codes. These codes address fundamental uprightness, fire safety, electrical structures, plumbing, ventilation, and other building development essentials.
Accessibility standard
To ensure inclusion for people with disabilities, learning facilities must attach to availability regulations (Stiles et al. 2021). Highlights included in these criteria are wheelchair ramps, wide hallways, elevators, well-designed study spaces, and accessible restrooms.
Fire safety
Learning centers should install fire safety regulations, including the installation of alarm systems, smoke alarms, fire quenchers, emergency exits, and legal development materials that have been approved for use in a fire.
Figure 9: Trade regulation and standard for building construction
(Source: self-created)
Regulation of health and safety
To protect residents and workers, construction sites for learning centers must abide by safety and health regulations. This includes the proper use of personal defense equipment, safety protocols, enough lighting, the proper handling of hazardous products, and safe construction practices.
Environmental regulation
The construction of learning-center projects might rely on ecological principles to lessen their impact on the environment. This may involve following sustainable development guidelines, maintaining a waste management plan, meeting energy productivity requirements, and using eco-friendly materials.
Trade Innovation and Practices
The trade practices suggest effective communication and teamwork among project participants, including workers for hire, modelers, specialists, and subcontractors all of which are essential for the production of successful structures. It's crucial to follow good principles throughout the development cycle (Dzian et al. 2019). The ecological impact is limited by incorporating sustainable practices and green building standards.
The innovation defines the technology as BIM innovation promotes collaboration between project groups, information sharing, and 3D showing. It improves coordination, decreases errors, smoothest out the development processes, and further develops project representation. Structure parts can be developed off-site and assembled on-site using construction and monitored development processes. These methods provide time and expense reserves, focused quality assurance, and reduced development waste (Noghabaei et al. 2020).
Trade recommendation
Trade can play a big role in the construction industry by providing resources to people such as programming, position papers, continuing training, and accreditation programs. It can also help to strengthen relationships between partners by connecting them with one another or with other professionals in the field, exchanging case studies and best practices, and creating a sense of place..
Conclusion
The trade exactly explains the whole breakdown factors of the selected construction work. So, this research established a learning center with the specification of BOQ and by the specific quantity surveyor company. To make sure that the best choices are made for the majority of the project's tasks, trade factors need to be broken down. Also, staying up to date on the most recent spending trends and industry standards can ensure that the project's financial plan is updated for the best-estimated outcomes.
3. Calculation sheet report
This calculation sheet explain and portrays the calculation process of the specific materials with their current market price for develop the learning center. According the primary design factors the BOQ calculation established and that is provided this report structure. This calculation sheets divided by such of the construction materials as “Concrete, formwork and reinforcement”.
Figure 10: Calculation sheet of Beam
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
To build the learning center beam defines the four sizes structure so depend on this beam of size the concrete materials will calculated. Beam (SB1, SB2, SB3 and SB4) which size are length and width 600*900 mm, and 600*1200mm. So, the total quantity measurement for the mean is with variation 540000m2 and 720000m2.
Figure 11: Calculation sheet of Types of footings
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
To build the center use the different kinds of footing such as “Beam footing, Strip footing, Pad footing”. The beam footing dimension is 500*450mm and 400*350mm and strip footing dimension is 450*350mm and 300*300mm also, the pad footing dimension is (1000*1000*500mm, 1200*1200*500mm, 1000*1500*500mm). So, the total quantity measurement for the mean is with variation.
Figure 12: Calculation sheet of slabs
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
Thus, the learning center has ground floor so slab will defines of two types which is ground floor slab and first floor slab. According to that, the slab defer ground floor (S1) and first floor slab (S1, S2, S3, and S4). The learning center drawing refers the Cola slab which thickness is 100mm and the different slab will define the different dimension. So, the total quantity measurement for the mean is with variation 25000m2.
Figure 13: Calculation sheet of wall
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
The wall is the main element for the building construction. So, the wall refers to the three types of size such as W1, W2, and BW1 dimension is 150mm, 170mm and 1920mm as width and the length of the wall is 3000mm. The total quantity measurement for the mean is with variation of 450000m2 and 570000m2.
Figure 14: Calculation sheet of formwork
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
In the building construction, the formwork is used to build the beam, column and slab for fixing the concrete with the specification of size. For this reason, the formwork also created with the 50mm cover. So, the total quantity measurement for the mean is with variation of 2625000m3, 27000m2 and 22500m2.
Figure 15: Calculation sheet of reinforcement
(Source: self-created by Cubit software)
The reinforcement is used all of the construction part elements such as footings, slab, beam, column. So, this calculation sheet also defines of that specification. The quantity of the reinforcement evaluate by the Kilo Newton unit. So, the total quantity measurement for the mean is with variation.
References
Journals
- Boadu, E. F., Wang, C. C., & Sunindijo, R. Y. (2020). Characteristics of the construction industry in developing countries and its implications for health and safety: an exploratory study in Ghana. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(11), 4110. Retrieve from https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/11/4110/pdf Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Dzian, M., Paluš, H., & Parobek, J. (2019). Global trends affecting the EU timber trade. DIGITALISATION AND CIRCULAR ECONOMY, 297. Retrieve from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Desislava-Toteva/publication/344452419_GREEN_SETTLEMENTS_-_BIO-ECONOMIC_PRACTICES_IN_WASTE_MANAGEMENT/links/5f772051a6fdcc0086507067/GREEN-SETTLEMENTS-BIO-ECONOMIC-PRACTICES-IN-WASTE-MANAGEMENT.pdf#page=299 Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Gamil, Y., & Alhagar, A. (2020). The impact of pandemic crisis on the survival of construction industry: a case of COVID-19. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 11(4), 122-122. Retrieve from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yaser-Gamil/publication/343047176_The_Impact_of_Pandemic_Crisis_on_the_Survival_of_Construction_Industry_A_Case_of_COVID-19/links/5fa2670ca6fdccfd7b9b8e41/The-Impact-of-Pandemic-Crisis-on-the-Survival-of-Construction-Industry-A-Case-of-COVID-19.pdf Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Loosemore, M., & Malouf, N. (2019). Safety training and positive safety attitude formation in the Australian construction industry. Safety science, 113, 233-243. Retrieve from https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/136688/4/Binder1.pdf Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Mann, M. (2021). Measuring trade in services by mode of supply. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieve from https://www.bea.gov/index.php/system/files/papers/WP2019-7_2.pdf Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Noghabaei, M., Heydarian, A., Balali, V., & Han, K. (2020). Trend analysis on adoption of virtual and augmented reality in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. Data, 5(1), 26. Retrieve from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Desislava-Toteva/publication/344452419_GREEN_SETTLEMENTS_-_BIO-ECONOMIC_PRACTICES_IN_WASTE_MANAGEMENT/links/5f772051a6fdcc0086507067/GREEN-SETTLEMENTS-BIO-ECONOMIC-PRACTICES-IN-WASTE-MANAGEMENT.pdf#page=299 Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Ogunsanya, O. A., Aigbavboa, C. O., Thwala, D. W., & Edwards, D. J. (2022). Barriers to sustainable procurement in the Nigerian construction industry: an exploratory factor analysis. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(5), 861-872. Retrieve from https://www.academia.edu/download/87040272/15623599.2019.165869720220605-1-1imvgqj.pdf Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Onat, N. C., & Kucukvar, M. (2020). Carbon footprint of construction industry: A global review and supply chain analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 124, 109783. Retrieve from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Murat-Kucukvar/publication/339659449_Carbon_footprint_of_construction_industry_A_global_review_and_supply_chain_analysis/links/626654a4ee24725b3ec529fb/Carbon-footprint-of-construction-industry-A-global-review-and-supply-chain-analysis.pdf Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Perera, S., Nanayakkara, S., Rodrigo, M. N. N., Senaratne, S., & Weinand, R. (2020). Blockchain technology: Is it hype or real in the construction industry?. Journal of industrial information integration, 17, 100125. Retrieve from https://translateyar.ir/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Blockchain-Technology.pdf Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Stanitsas, M., Kirytopoulos, K., & Leopoulos, V. (2021). Integrating sustainability indicators into project management: The case of construction industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123774. Retrieve from https://www.academia.edu/download/64660997/1-s2.0-S0959652620338191-main.pdf Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Stiles, S., Golightly, D., & Ryan, B. (2021). Impact of COVID?19 on health and safety in the construction sector. Human factors and ergonomics in manufacturing & service industries, 31(4), 425-437. Retrieve from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hfm.20882 Retrieve on [20.05.23]
- Wu, P., Song, Y., Zhu, J., & Chang, R. (2019). Analyzing the influence factors of the carbon emissions from China's building and construction industry from 2000 to 2015. Journal of Cleaner Production, 221, 552-566. Retrieve from https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/75172/75414.pdf?sequence=3 Retrieve on [20.05.23]
