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Introduction: Concept Map And Critical Evaluation Of A Case Scenario
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The term traumatic injury refers to a serious injury that is caused by several forces coming from external forces, resulting in either a blunt or sharp wound within the body (Brockie et al. 2021). In the provided case scenario, the 67-year-old man Edward Gray, was admitted to the emergency department of the hospital with a serious wound in the lower part of his left leg. As a result of this injury, Edward suffered several traumatic activities that send an active signal in Edwards barin (Hoyer et al. 2019). Here, it can be stated that as Edward lived alone in his house he was unable to go to check immediately, so as a result body lost mobility to perform daily activities.
Objectives
- To understand how prior preparation can reduce the chance of injury
- To understand the process of quick recovery
- To understand specialized techniques to recover from sudden injuries.
Scope
The scope of this paper is to explore all the aspects of injury, the body's reaction to pain, clinical management, inoperative treatment, and various pathological mechanism to make a road map on the incident and gain scientific knowledge from it.
Explanation of the body's response to the injury
In a specific scientific way, it can be stated that as peripheral tissue damage occurs all the inflammatory cells started to move towards the injury site. “Acute inflammation” begins after a distinctive injury may be involved in soluble intermediates like “acute phase proteins”, “cytokines,” and “chemokines” to facilitate the transmission of macrophages and neutrophils to the location of the inflammation (Khodamoradi et al. 2020). These inflammatory cells are characteristic of natural immunity that can carry an operational function in the process of “acute inflammation”. Here, the point to be noted is “inflammation” occurs as “T lymphocytes” as well as “plasma cells” to the location of the infection. Here, the paper also included that if the injured portion continues with no recovery, then tissue deterioration and fibrosis will surely occur. Other mixtures of cellular compartments, such as monocytes, and macrophages recreate a function in both cases of acute as well as chronic inflammation.
Identification of clinical manifestations and Discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms
In the process of pathology, and wound healing the molecular mechanism leads to the process of impairment of the wound healing process involving the process of complexity.
As a clinical manifestation of body leg injury there ate several stages in the body including redness, swelling, variation of pain (mild to severe), and ultimately the systemic illness in order to lack of other foci.
In order to discuss the variation of the wound type the case study indicates this would be a laceration type of wound that results as a torn tissue which is usually caused by a trauma.
Infection
Wound infection is conceivable to be a key factor in either consequence or supervision of an acute or chronic wound. All injuries are colonized to a degree, and a significant role of the inflammatory stage of wound recovery is to obtain microbes down to controlled-state stations that might be tolerated and alleviated by multiple healthy tissues (Khodamoradi et al. 2020). This is administered by the epidermis in the skin especially up-handling and secreting several antimicrobial peptides as early in reaction to barricade the damage and lasts a chance to openness to microbes in the open air and the untreated condition. Based on Edward's physical condition doctors marked this injury as a phase 3 condition that required necessary treatment to heal fast.
Nursing interventions and medications to reduce symptoms
In the case of subjective pain, after the intervention of nursing treatment, the pain level has measured through the VAS (Visual Analog Scale) scoring scale (Lyu et al. 2021). It can be susceptible to modification in pain over time and is highly beneficial for tracking the progression of pain through which doctors can prescribe effective therapy (Niehaus et al. 2021). Along with this doctors have provided some options to treat Edward in a non-pharmacological way including deep breathing, vapor therapy, and many more based on the different physical characteristics of Edward.
Primarily when Edward came into the hospital before treatment he was observed with some physiological conditions (where body temperature of 38.1oC, BMI of 28.2, “painful to touch and oedematous”, and “red and hot to touch extending circumferentially”). So, doctors primarily treated Edward through medicines mostly based on analgesics like paracetamol. Also, they referred to morphine, saline, and “non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs)”. Both paracetamol and NSAIDs have antipyretic effects on the body which help to lower the body temperature of Edward. Morphine directly works on opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) and reduces pain immediately (Lyu et al. 2021). A concept map has been included to summarize the pain pathway along with Edward's clinical manifestations and provided nursing care.
Concept Map
Figure 1: Concept Map
(Source: Self-made in Draw.io)
Reference list
Journal
- Brockie, S., Hong, J., & Fehlings, M. G. (2021). The role of microglia in modulating neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(18), 9706. Retrieved From: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/18/9706/pdf [Retrieved On: 28.08.23]
- Hoyer, F. F., Naxerova, K., Schloss, M. J., Hulsmans, M., Nair, A. V., Dutta, P., ... & Nahrendorf, M. (2019). Tissue-specific macrophage responses to remote injury impact the outcome of subsequent local immune challenge. Immunity, 51(5), 899-914. Retrieved From: https://www.cell.com/immunity/pdf/S1074-7613(19)30454-6.pdf [Retrieved On: 28.08.23]
- Khodamoradi, E., Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi, M., Amini, P., Motevaseli, E., Shabeeb, D., Musa, A. E., ... & Farhood, B. (2020). Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 77, 3129-3159. Retrieved From: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Masoud-Najafi/publication/339347592_Targets_for_protection_and_mitigation_of_radiation_injury/links/5e5675194585152ce8f03b07/Targets-for-protection-and-mitigation-of-radiation-injury.pdf [Retrieved On: 28.08.23]
- Lyu, J., Xie, D., Bhatia, T. N., Leak, R. K., Hu, X., & Jiang, X. (2021). Microglial/Macrophage polarization and function in brain injury and repair after stroke. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 27(5), 515-527. Retrieved From: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/cns.13620 [Retrieved On: 28.08.23]
- McBride, W. H., & Schaue, D. (2020). Radiation?induced tissue damage and response. The Journal of pathology, 250(5), 647-655. Retrieved From: https://pathsocjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/path.5389 [Retrieved On: 28.08.23]
- Niehaus, J. K., Taylor-Blake, B., Loo, L., Simon, J. M., & Zylka, M. J. (2021). Spinal macrophages resolve nociceptive hypersensitivity after peripheral injury. Neuron, 109(8), 1274-1282. Retrieved From: https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/19/4941/pdf [Retrieved On: 28.08.23]
