Assessment 2 Critical Literature Review Assignment Sample

1. Introduction: Assessment 2 Critical Literature Review

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Substance use disorder is known as one of the treatable mental disorders which impact the brain of individuals as well as control behaviour along with leading to their ability to control the use of various harmful substances such as legal and illegal drugs, alcohol or effective medication. The current rate of illicit use of drugs in Australia has been reported as in 2019, it was around 3.4 million and the most common illicit drug was cannabis, followed by misuse of pharmaceuticals, ecstasy as well as cocaine. The existing use of methamphetamine has decreased among the Australian population. This particular essay aims at addressing different methods of Addiction Treatment and criticism of the Brain Disease Model of Addiction. In addition, the critical literature-based discussion has been presented highlighting different preventive measures as well as treatment interventions as well as suitable public health policies in order to address substance-use disorders.

2. Discussion

Current Methods of Addiction Treatment

In Australia, current addiction treatment practices are sometimes known as rehab services. As per the opinion of Carreno & Pérez-Escobar (2019), the addiction rehabilitation process offers a wide range of therapies which includes treatment, counselling as well as support which indicates that one doesn't have to do anything alone. Besides, most addiction treatments are scheduled to be offered in community-based treatment centres as well as residential rehabilitation services. As highlighted by Cheetham et al. (2022) core treatment can efficiently cover detoxification as well as counselling, rehabilitation and medicines. An “online counselling process” has been introduced in Australia in order to ensure that victims could get 24-hour free drug and alcohol counselling access. Reportedly, In Australia, ”Family Drug Support Australia” is associated with offering 24-hour support to families as well as friends of illegal drug users including alcohol users (Healthdirect.gov.au, 2023). Besides, “SMART Recovery Australia” plays a crucial role in offering significant evidence-based tools in order to help an individual to manage addictive behaviour.

Apart from these, previously conducted research highlights medication should be the first method to treat addictions to opioids and at the same time it is mainly used along with some specific form of behavioural therapy as well as counselling. As opined by Weinandy & Grubbs (2021) medication is the most preferable baseline treatment available in order to treat addiction to alcohol as well as nicotine. Reportedly, current statistical data highlights in the year 2021 and 2022, nearly 131,000 people who are aged 10 and over have been reported as receiving treatment from other drugs as well as alcohol treatment services (Aihw.gov.au, 2023). The four most common drug usage that leads people to seek adequate and proper treatment and is 42% of people in account of alcohol usage, cannabis usage is accountable for 19% and 24% of the total drug usage population seeks treatment in the account of using amphetamines while heroin causes 4.5% of people seeking treatment (Aihw.gov.au, 2023). The average age of illicit drug usage victims was 37 years who were under treatment as required.

On the other hand, the reported success rate of drug rehab in Australia highlights that approximately 65% of total addicts have completed their alcohol or drug rehabilitation process. In accordance with the author Ross (2020) residential rehab in Australia mainly follows a long-term approach in order to ensure quality treatment practices which aim at introducing drug as well as alcohol-free lifestyles. Besides, Live-in accommodations are offered to people underlining significant long-term approaches and steady career plans as well as a schedule. As cited by Mahoney et al. (2020) different forms of addiction treatment are offered to people on the basis of understanding their needs as well as the mental state deteriorated in the account of substance use disorder. Besides introducing the rehabilitation process in different forms, dual diagnosis services in Australia have been reported as available for people experiencing both substance usage and mental health issues. Reportedly, this particular diagnosis process helps people to get required access to required treatment through the local community, primary care services or self-referral.

Alongside, peer support groups, as well as various types of programmes, are facilitated by individuals who have enough personal experience regarding dealing with alcohol or drug addiction. As stated by Morris et al. (2020) peer support programs initially deal with offering mutual support to those people who are struggling with a current or significant previous substance disorder. Most of the real-life scenario-based examples of peer support include alcoholics, Narcotics Anonymous and completely anonymous cases. On the other hand, as per the proclamation presented by the author Rise & Halkjelsvik (2019) offering social support to victims across society is considered as one of the best possible options for overcoming threats of substance-use disorders. Substance usage adversely influences many aspects of an individual's life as well as social support which can help individuals to keep a healthy balance while going to Rehab in Australia. Those above-mentioned methods are currently used in Australia in order to overcome potential threats of addiction in Australia.

Common Criticism of The Brain Disease Model of Addiction and Presenting Justified Counter Argument

“The Brain Disease Model of Addiction” highlights that the term addiction is one kind of brain disease in which drug usage mainly hijacks the brain. As per the opinion of Deen et al. (2021), the fundamental of “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction '' model defines that drug mainly hijacks the brain without leaving any possible choice to users unless they continue using the drug. The main critique highlights that the model is too much focused on brain chemicals which in turn ignores motivation to use drugs. On the other hand, some complain that the model d “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction” is significantly too mechanical as well as too neat to offer a sound explanation (Macpherson & Hikida, 2019). On the other hand, according to Kruse et al. (2020), addiction is mainly associated with mucking up significant and specific parts of the brain and maybe a genetic predisposition which can not be a general issue. On the contrary, Connor et al. (2021) have reported that this particular model helps in identifying the reason behind getting addicted to drug usage It has been also reported that having chronic drug problems is not a moral issue to point out that they are initially powerless. On the other hand, Mak et al. (2019) have reported that addiction is not only the factor that is responsible for drug use. In this case, the term compulsion has been identified as one of the defining features of addiction which indicates that drug users have no preliminary control over drug use. Besides, the point of view of Meyers et al. (2021) highlights the popular idea in favour of presenting the strength of “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction” as addicts are considerably sinful which doesn't make any sense whilst the fundamental of this model highlights that individuals need to offer health care, not jail cell. In addition, it can be presented as supportive criticism that Stigmatizing addiction according to the fundamentals of “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction” is known as one of the moral issues which are not only considered as scientifically wrong but at the same time introduces wasting a lot of tax dollars.

On the other hand, if the concept comes to fit brain disease, it is considered significantly logical as insurance companies pay for treatment. As per the views of Verdejo-Garcia et al. (2019) “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction” underlines logical reasoning based on help and interference of companies in paying for treatment as they would surely for heart problems or schizophrenia. However, it can be stated that the disease model underlines some specific benefits that help in mitigating and identifying threats. On the other hand, as opined by Verdejo-Garcia et al. (2022) consciousness, the fundamental concept underlined by “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction'' model is considered one of the important issues in drug use. Especially those who are suffering from addictions mainly indicate that intoxication mainly alters the experience of life which sometimes helps them to be happier. On the other hand, the critique of “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction '' highlights that there was a problem with this specific model that it is not able to address visibly altered states of consciousness (Stellern et al. 2023). Identification of an altered state of consciousness is highly required in order to treat patients with the required diagnosis process. As highlighted by Meyers et al. (2021), the further arguments presented by “The brain disease model” is that changes in the cognitive thinking lobe of the brain take place initially from severe drug use which is considered indicative and pathological use of the brain. However, it can be stated that the concept of “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction” model is complex to understand and at the same time many scientists have rejected ideas on the basis of studies on how the brain changes along with regular drug use.

3. Conclusion

Hence, it can be concluded that there are multiple forms of diagnosis processes that are followed in order to manage various types of activities which impact the well-being of people in Australia. Besides, the criticism of “The Brain Disease Model of Addiction” model highlights that the mode-based view has significant strengths as well as weaknesses which impact the knowledge-based implication of the Model in the Australian context.

References

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